scholarly journals Design and Implementation of a Co-Simulation Framework for Testing of Automated Driving Systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demin Nalic ◽  
Aleksa Pandurevic ◽  
Arno Eichberger ◽  
Branko Rogic
Keyword(s):  
Test Procedure ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Simulation Framework ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Vehicle Simulation ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Test Scenarios

The increasingly used approach of combining different simulation software for testing of automated driving systems (ADS) increases the need for potential and convenient software designs. Recently developed co-simulation platforms (CSP) provide the possibility to cover the high demand on testing kilometres for ADS by combining vehicle simulation with traffic flow simulation software (TFSS) environments. Having chosen a suitable CSP rises up the question how the test procedures should be defined and constructed and what are the relevant test scenarios. Parameters of the ADS in vehicle simulation, traffic parameter in TFSS and combination of all these can be used for the definition of test scenarios. Thus the automation of a process, consisting of vehicle and traffic parameters and a suitable CSP, a test procedure for ADS should be well designed and implemented. This paper presents the design and implementation of a complex co-simulation framework for virtual ADS testing combining IPG CarMaker and PTV Vissim.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of a Co-Simulation Framework for Testing of Automated Driving Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demin Nalic ◽  
Aleksa Pandurevic ◽  
Arno Eichberger ◽  
Branko Rogic
Keyword(s):  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Vehicle Simulation ◽  
Mvc Design Pattern ◽  
Traffic Flow Simulation ◽  
Model View Controller ◽  
Test Scenarios ◽  
Model View

The increasingly used approach of combining different simulation softwares in testing of automated driving systems (ADSs) increases the need for potential and convenient software designs. Recently developed co-simulation platforms (CSPs) provide the possibility to cover the high demand for testing kilometers for ADSs by combining vehicle simulation software (VSS) with traffic flow simulation software (TFSS) environments. The emphasis on the demand for testing kilometers is not enough to choose a suitable CSP. The complexity levels of the vehicle, object, sensors, and environment models used are essential for valid and representative simulation results. Choosing a suitable CSP raises the question of how the test procedures should be defined and constructed and what the relevant test scenarios are. Parameters of the ADS, environments, objects, and sensors in the VSS, as well as traffic parameters in the TFSS, can be used to define and generate test scenarios. In order to generate a large number of scenarios in a systematic and automated way, suitable and appropriate software designs are required. In this paper, we present a software design for a CSP based on the Model–View–Controller (MVC) design pattern as well as an implementation of a complex CSP for virtual testing of ADSs. Based on this design, an implementation of a CSP is presented using the VSS from IPG Automotive (CarMaker) and the TFSS from the PTV Group (Vissim). The results showed that the presented CSP design and the implementation of the co-simulation can be used to generate relevant scenarios for testing of ADSs.

scholarly journals Software Framework for Testing of Automated Driving Systems in the Traffic Environment of Vissim

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3135
Author(s):  
Demin Nalic ◽  
Aleksa Pandurevic ◽  
Arno Eichberger ◽  
Martin Fellendorf ◽  
Branko Rogic
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Driver Model ◽  
Software Framework ◽  
Simulation Framework ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Vehicle Simulation ◽  
Traffic Environment ◽  
And Performance

As the complexity of automated driving systemss (ADSs) with automation levels above level 3 is rising, virtual testing for such systems is inevitable and necessary. The complexity of testing these levels lies in the modeling and calculation demands for the virtual environment, which consists of roads, traffic, static and dynamic objects, as well as the modeling of the car itself. An essential part of the safety and performance analysis of ADSs is the modeling and consideration of dynamic road traffic participants. There are multiple forms of traffic flow simulation software (TFSS), which are used to reproduce realistic traffic behavior and are integrated directly or over interfaces with vehicle simulation software environments. In this paper we focus on the TFSS from PTV Vissim in a co-simulation framework which combines Vissim and CarMaker. As it is a commonly used software in industry and research, it also provides complex driver models and interfaces to manipulate and develop customized traffic participants. Using the driver model DLL interface (DMDI) from Vissim it is possible to manipulate traffic participants or adjust driver models in a defined manner. Based on the DMDI, we extended the code and developed a framework for the manipulation and testing of ADSs in the traffic environment of Vissim. The efficiency and performance of the developed software framework are evaluated using the co-simulation framework for the testing of ADSs, which is based on Vissim and CarMaker.

The Design and Implementation of Spacecraft Co-Simulation Platform

2012 ◽  
Vol 591-593 ◽  
pp. 174-178
Author(s):  
Hang Yin ◽  
Yong Ming Gao ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Xin Xing Li
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Simulation System ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Simulation Framework ◽  
Simulation Technology ◽  
Spacecraft Dynamics ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Complex Simulation ◽  
Analysis System

With the continuous improvement of complexity in the space simulation system and the enhancement of multi-technology integration, the co-simulation technology is an important way to solve complex simulation problems in the big system. After analysis of relative theories and main methods of co-simulation, collaboration data interfaces among multiple software are improved and matched with a number of simulation software system. The co-simulation framework is designed and a set of spacecraft dynamics co-simulation analysis system is established on the frame of HLA / RTI and on the principle of co-simulation technology. The key task on orbit service of the spacecraft is modeled and simulated. The software can complete the work that a single simulation software could not be done and achieve good results.

scholarly journals Standardized Test Procedure for External Human–Machine Interfaces of Automated Vehicles

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Kaß ◽  
Stefanie Schoch ◽  
Frederik Naujoks ◽  
Sebastian Hergeth ◽  
Andreas Keinath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Test ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces

Research on external human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) has recently become a major area of interest in the field of human factors research on automated driving. The broad variety of methodological approaches renders the current state of research inconclusive and comparisons between interface designs impossible. To date, there are no standardized test procedures to evaluate and compare different design variants of eHMIs with each other and with interactions without eHMIs. This article presents a standardized test procedure that enables the effective usability evaluation of eHMI design solutions. First, the test procedure provides a methodological approach to deduce relevant use cases for the evaluation of an eHMI. In addition, we define specific usability requirements that must be fulfilled by an eHMI to be effective, efficient, and satisfying. To prove whether an eHMI meets the defined requirements, we have developed a test protocol for the empirical evaluation of an eHMI with a participant study. The article elucidates underlying considerations and details of the test protocol that serves as framework to measure the behavior and subjective evaluations of non-automated road users when interacting with automated vehicles in an experimental setting. The standardized test procedure provides a useful framework for researchers and practitioners.

scholarly journals Composite Tests under Corrupted Data

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Broniatowski ◽  
Jana Jurečková ◽  
Ashok Moses ◽  
Emilie Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Finite Sample ◽  
Likelihood Ratios ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Leibler Divergence ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

This paper focuses on test procedures under corrupted data. We assume that the observations Z i are mismeasured, due to the presence of measurement errors. Thus, instead of Z i for i = 1 , … , n, we observe X i = Z i + δ V i, with an unknown parameter δ and an unobservable random variable V i. It is assumed that the random variables Z i are i.i.d., as are the X i and the V i. The test procedure aims at deciding between two simple hyptheses pertaining to the density of the variable Z i, namely f 0 and g 0. In this setting, the density of the V i is supposed to be known. The procedure which we propose aggregates likelihood ratios for a collection of values of δ. A new definition of least-favorable hypotheses for the aggregate family of tests is presented, and a relation with the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the sets f δ δ and g δ δ is presented. Finite-sample lower bounds for the power of these tests are presented, both through analytical inequalities and through simulation under the least-favorable hypotheses. Since no optimality holds for the aggregation of likelihood ratio tests, a similar procedure is proposed, replacing the individual likelihood ratio by some divergence based test statistics. It is shown and discussed that the resulting aggregated test may perform better than the aggregate likelihood ratio procedure.

“Harmonized” Gasket Testing

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Schaaf ◽  
Friedrich Schoeckle ◽  
Jaroslav Bartonicek
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Bolted Joints ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

The last years there has been a great effort on research and development on gasket testing for bolted joints in Europe and in North America. In Europe, a new standard for the calculation of flanged joints (EN 1591) was developed by the Technical Committee TC 74 of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). This standard requires gasket factors which must be determined in accordance to the testing standard EN 13555. In North America, the ASTM Committee F03 on Gaskets was established to implement PVRC developed gasket test procedures in the code. Since many companies are operating worldwide, there is an interest in “harmonized” gasket testing procedures to minimize the costs and to raise the effectivity of the tests performed. Several information exchange meetings on gasket constants and gasket testing have been held, and there have been many discussions concerning the difference between the European and the American test procedures. Up to now, only the test procedure for leakage tests has been “harmonized”. Although there are still some differences in detail, the European gasket constants as well as the PVRC parameter can be determined with the new definition of the test procedure, theoretically. In this paper some tests are evaluated in both ways, the results show some mismatch. More tests (with several gasket materials) are necessary to prove the reliability of this procedure.

Reliability of Laboratory Tests for the Control of Oral Anticoagulation

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (02/03) ◽  
pp. 483-491
Author(s):  
E. A Loeliger ◽  
M. J Boekhout-Mussert ◽  
L. P van Halem-Visser ◽  
J. D. E Habbema ◽  
H de Jonge
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Discrimination Power ◽  
Power Of The Test ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Low Sensitivity

SummaryThe present study concerned the reproducibility of the so-called prothrombin time as assessed with a series of more commonly used modifications of the Quick’s onestage assay procedure, i.e. the British comparative reagent, homemade human brain thromboplastin, Simplastin, Simplastin A, and Thrombotest. All five procedures were tested manually on pooled lyophilized normal and patients’ plasmas. In addition, Simplastin A and Thrombotest were investigated semiautomatically on individual freshly prepared patients’ plasmas. From the results obtained, the following conclusions may be drawn :The reproducibility of results obtained with manual reading on lyophilized plasmas is satisfactory for all five test procedures. For Simplastin, the reproducibility of values in the range of insufficient anticoagulation is relatively low due to the low discrimination power of the test procedure in the near-normal range (so-called low sensitivity of rabbit brain thromboplastins). The reproducibility of Thrombotest excels as a consequence of its particularly easily discerned coagulation endpoint.The reproducibility of Thrombotest, when tested on freshly prepared plasmas using Schnitger’s semiautomatic coagulometer (a fibrinometer-liJce apparatus), is no longer superior to that of Simplastin A.The constant of proportionality between the coagulation times formed with Simplastin A and Thrombotest was estimated at 0.64.Reconstituted Thrombotest is stable for 24 hours when stored at 4° C, whereas reconstituted Simplastin A is not.The Simplastin A method and Thrombotest seem to be equally sensitive to “activation” of blood coagulation upon storage.

scholarly journals Virtual Loom: a tool for the interactive 3D representation of historical fabrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Portalés ◽  
Manolo Pérez ◽  
Pablo Casanova-Salas ◽  
Jesús Gimeno
Keyword(s):  
Art History ◽  
3D Modelling ◽  
Current Version ◽  
Close Collaboration ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Interactive 3D ◽  
Silk Fabrics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
3D Representations

Abstract3D modelling of man-made objects is widely used in the cultural heritage sector, among others. It is relevant for its documentation, dissemination and preservation. Related to historical fabrics, weaves and weaving techniques are still mostly represented in forms of 2D graphics and textual descriptions. However, complex geometries are difficult to represent in such forms, hindering the way this legacy is transmitted to new generations. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of SILKNOW’s Virtual Loom, an interactive tool aimed to document, preserve and represent in interactive 3D forms historical weaves and weaving techniques of silk fabrics, dating from the 15th to the 19th centuries. To that end, our tool only requires an image of a historical fabric. Departing from this image, the tool automatically subtracts the design, and allows the user to apply different weaves and weaving techniques. In its current version, the tool embeds five traditional weaving techniques, 39 weaves and six types of yarns, which have been defined thanks to close collaboration of experts in computer graphics, art history and historical fabrics. Additionally, users can change the color of yarns and produce different 3D representations for a given fabric, which are interactive in real time. In this paper, we bring the details of the design and implementation of this tool, focusing on the input data, the strategy to process images, the 3D modelling of yarns, the definition of weaves and weaving techniques and the graphical user interface. In the results section, we show some examples of image analysis in order to subtract the design of historical fabrics, and then we provide 3D representations for all the considered weaving techniques, combining different types of yarns.

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