Eugenol and Thymol Derivatives as Antifeedant Agents against Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) Larvae

Coconut palms in Malaysia are infested by a destructive invasive pest, RPW since 2007, and the pest’s population is difficult to control. At present, RPW control management mainly relies on the use of monocrotophos, which is administered by the trunk injection method. However, this pesticide can negatively impact human health and the ecosystem. Plant EO that can be used as a bio-pesticide is highly recommended as an alternative to monocrotophos because of its target-specific and eco-friendly properties. The antifeedant activity of eight eugenol and thymol derivatives from clove and thyme EOs were tested against the fourth instar larvae of RPW through oral bioassay for 14 days. Relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), and the feeding deterrent index (FDI) were compared and analyzed. All of the derivatives showed antifeedant activity, particularly the eugenol derivative, 4-allyl-2-methoxy-1-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-benzene (FDI = 54.14%) and the thymol derivative, 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-2-((4-nitrobenzyl) oxy) benzene (FDI = 53.88%). Both of them showed promising results on their ability to be the most effective antifeedant agents in each derivative group. There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of the eugenol-based and thymol-based derivatives, but the ether derivative group (FDI = 45.63%) had a significantly stronger effect than the ester derivative group (FDI = 39.71%). This study revealed that the compound in ether form is more effective than the compound in ester form as an antifeedant agent against RPW larvae, regardless of the plant EO that the compound is derived from.

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Efficiency of Mentha piperita L. and Mentha pulegium L. essential oils on nutritional indices of Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research ◽

10.4081/jear.2014.715 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 13 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

K. Saeidi ◽

B. Hassanpour

Keyword(s):

Consumption Rate ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Nutritional Indices ◽

Antifeedant Activity ◽

Mentha Pulegium ◽

Relative Growth ◽

First Instar ◽

Indian Meal ◽

Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽

Relative Consumption Rate

Antifeedant activity of plant extracts from Mentha piperita L. and Mentha pulegium L. were tested against the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). The nutritional indices: relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and feeding deterrence index (FDI) were measured for first-instar larvae (15-d old). Treatments were evaluated using a flour disk bioassay in the dark, at 25±1°C and 60±5% R.H. Concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2 mL/disk were prepared from each essential oil. After 72 h, nutritional indices were calculated. M. piperita oils were more effective than M. pulegium oils, by significantly decreasing the RGR, RCR and FDI. At the highest concentration tested (2 mL/disk), the ECI (9%) was significantly reduced.

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INDEKS NUTRISI DAN KESINTASAN LARVA SPODOPTERA LITURA F. YANG DIBERI PAKAN MENGANDUNG EKSTRAK KULIT JENGKOL (PITHECELLOBIUM LOBATUM BENTH.)

JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA ◽

10.23960/j.hptt.29109-114 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 109-114

Author(s):

Trisnowati B. Ambarningrum ◽

Hery Pratiknyo ◽

Slamet Priyanto

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Relative Growth Rate ◽

Spodoptera Litura ◽

Consumption Rate ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Relative Consumption ◽

First Instar ◽

Relative Consumption Rate

Nutrition indices and survivorship of Spodoptera Litura F. larvae is fed nutrition including jengkol bark extract (Pithecellobium Lobatum Benth). The effect of P. lobatum barks extract on nutrition indices and survivorship S. litura larvae has been investigated. Nutrition indices were observed by giving fifth-instar larvae one of the three diets, every group of diet was added various concentration of barks extract, containing either 1.10; 2.20; or 4.40%. Survivorship were observed by giving first-instar larvae one of the three diets, every group of diet was added various concentration of barks extract, containing either 0.6; 1.2; or 2.4%. The result showed that, the Relative Consumption Rate (RCR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Efficiencies of food use (ECD and ECI) value of larvae treated were significantly lower in the case of treated larvae than that of the controls, Approximate Digestibility (AD) value of larvae treated were significantly higher in the case of treated larvae than that of the controls and decrease of survivorship tested larvae.

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Chemical composition and insecticidal activity Mentha piperita L. essential oil against the cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research ◽

10.4081/jear.2017.6769 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. Saeidi ◽

S. Mirfakhraie

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Consumption Rate ◽

Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Control Group ◽

Air Concentration ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Seed Beetle ◽

Cowpea Seed ◽

Relative Consumption Rate

Antifeedant activity of plant extract from Mentha piperita was tested against the cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. Dry ground plant was subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The resulting oil contained menthone (28.9%), menthol (28.5%), and pulegone (6.9%) as the major compounds. LC50 of M. piperita essential oil was 25.70 μL/L air and mortality increased as the doses of essential oil increased. LT50 values were 3.29, 2.74 and 1.89 h at 100, 200 and 500 μL/L air, respectively. The results of persistence test of oil revealed that essential oil of M. piperita on C. maculatus adults was 5.44 days. It was clear from the repellency index that M. piperita essential oil has strong repellency at 90, 180 and 360 μL/L air concentration. The results showed that M. piperita essential oil has significantly affected the relative growth rate, relative consumption rate and feeding deterrence index of C. maculatus adults and it was concentration-dependent. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food has decreased while the concentrations are not statistically different at 5% level compared to the control group. It seems that essential oil can be used as low-risk insecticides.

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Genome-Wide Identification of the Gustatory Receptor Gene Family of the Invasive Pest, Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12070611 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 611

Author(s):

Patamarerk Engsontia ◽

Chutamas Satasook

Keyword(s):

Gene Family ◽

Molecular Basis ◽

Receptor Gene ◽

Invasive Pest ◽

Effective Control ◽

Gustatory Receptor ◽

Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus ◽

Red Palm Weevil ◽

Palm Weevil ◽

Receptor Gene Family

The red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) is a highly destructive pest of oil palm, date, and coconut in many parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has called for international collaboration to develop a multidisciplinary strategy to control this invasive pest. Previous research focused on the molecular basis of chemoreception in this species, particularly olfaction, to develop biosensors for early detection and more effective bait traps for mass trapping. However, the molecular basis of gustation, which plays an essential role in discriminating food and egg-laying sites and chemical communication in this species, is limited because its complete gustatory receptor gene family still has not been characterized. We manually annotated the gene family from the recently available genome and transcriptome data and reported 50 gustatory receptor genes encoding 65 gustatory receptors, including 7 carbon dioxide, 9 sugar, and 49 bitter receptors. This study provides a platform for future functional analysis and comparative chemosensory study. A better understanding of gustation will improve our understanding of this species’ complex chemoreception, which is an important step toward developing more effective control methods.

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In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Self-Adhesive Dual-Cured Resin Cement Polymerized Beneath Three Different Cusp Inclinations of Zirconia

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/7404038 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Chang-Yuan Zhang ◽

Yi-Ling Cheng ◽

Xin-Wen Tong ◽

Hao Yu ◽

Hui Cheng

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽

Resin Cement ◽

Curing Time ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Relative Growth Rates ◽

Extract Solution ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Light Curing ◽

Post Hoc

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of self-adhesive dual-cured resin cement (SADRC) polymerized beneath three different cusp inclinations of zirconia with different light curing time. A commercial SADRC (Multilink Speed) was polymerized beneath zirconia (ZrO2) with three different cusp inclinations (0°, 20°, and 30°) for 20 s or 40 s. After being stored in light-proof box for 24 h, the ZrO2-SADRC specimens were immersed in DMEM for 72 h and then we got the extract solution, cultured the human gingival fibroblasts (HGF, 8 × 103 per well) with 100% or 50% concentrations of the extract solution for 24 h, 72 h, and 120 h, respectively, and evaluated cytotoxicity of the polymerized SADRC with CCK-8 assay in optical density (OD) values, relative growth rates (RGR), and cytotoxicity grades. Statistical analysis was conducted using a two-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Student–Newman–Keuls test. The OD values varied from 0.8930 to 3.2920, the RGR varied from 33.93% to 98.68%, and the cytotoxicity grades varied from 0 to 2. There was significant difference in the OD values among the different cusp inclinations of zirconia (P < 0.001), and there was significant difference in the OD values between the different light curing times in some situations (P < 0.05). The cusp inclination of zirconia affects the in vitro cytotoxicity of SADRC. Prolonging the light curing time from 20 s to 40 s can reduce the in vitro cytotoxicity of SADRC when the cusp inclination of zirconia is smaller than 20°.

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Development-Disrupting Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, Novaluron, Reprogramming the Chitin Degradation Mechanism of Red Palm Weevils

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24234304 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (23) ◽

pp. 4304 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Abid Hussain ◽

Ahmed Mohammed AlJabr ◽

Hassan Al-Ayedh

Keyword(s):

Expression Patterns ◽

Invasive Pest ◽

Chitin Synthesis ◽

Red Palm Weevil ◽

Synthesis Inhibitor ◽

Chitin Degradation ◽

Palm Weevil ◽

Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor ◽

Mortality Response ◽

Study Laboratory

Disruption in chitin regulation by using chitin synthesis inhibitor (novaluron) was investigated to gain insights into the biological activity of chitinase in red palm weevils, an invasive pest of date palms in the Middle East. Impact of novaluron against ninth instar red palm weevil larvae was examined by dose-mortality response bioassays, nutritional indices, and expression patterns of chitinase genes characterized in this study. Laboratory bioassays revealed dose-dependent mortality response of ninth-instar red palm weevil larvae with LD50 of 14.77 ppm of novaluron. Dietary growth analysis performed using different doses of novaluron (30, 25, 20, 15, 10, and 5 ppm) exhibited very high reduction in their indexes such as Efficacy of Conversion of Digested Food (82.38%) and Efficacy of Conversion of Ingested Food (74.27%), compared with control treatment. Transcriptomic analysis of red palm weevil larvae characterized numerous genes involved in chitin degradation including chitinase, chitinase-3-like protein 2, chitinase domain-containing protein 1, Endochitinase-like, chitinase 3, and chitin binding peritrophin-a domain. However, quantitative expression patterns of these genes in response to novaluron-fed larvae revealed tissue-specific time-dependent expression patterns. We recorded overexpression of all genes from mid-gut tissues. Growth retarding, chitin remodeling and larvicidal potential suggest novaluron as a promising alternate for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus management.

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Eucalyptus dundasii Maiden essential oil, chemical composition and insecticidal values against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.1515/jppr-2015-0005 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 35-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Shiva Parsia Aref ◽

Oruj Valizadegan ◽

Mohammad Ebrahim Farashiani

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽

Fumigant Toxicity ◽

Oryzaephilus Surinamensis ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Relative Growth ◽

The Mean ◽

The Many ◽

Relative Consumption Rate

Abstract The insecticidal effects of Eucalyptus dundasii Maiden essential oil was studied on the adults of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). Essential oil was obtained by the hydro-distillation method and essential oil composition was analysed by GC-MS. Chemical analysis indicated that 1,8-cineole (54.15%), p-cymene (12.41%), α-thujene (11.37%), and E-caryophyllene (6.7%) were major constituents. For R. dominica and O. surinamensis, the LC50 of E. dundasii essential oil was 41.69 and 57.92 μl · l-1 of air, respectively. Increasing the concentration of the essential oil and the exposure time, increased mortality. The durability of fumigant toxicity on O. surinamensis adults was higher than on R. dominica adults and was statistically different. Based on the mean of the repellent indexes and the standard deviation, E. dundasii essence was repellent for both insects at 70, 140, and 280 μl · l-1 of air concentrations. Statistical analysis showed that Relative Growth Rate (RGR) in O. surinamensis was higher than in R. dominica, and the Relative Consumption Rate (RCR), the Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI), and the Feeding Deterrence Index (FDI) in O. surinamensis was lower than in R. dominica. The many diverse bio-effects of E. dundasii essential oil confirmed that it is a good candidate for management of R. dominica and O. surinamensis

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Population Abundance of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) in Rhu Tapai Coconut Plantation

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research ◽

10.46754/umtjur.v2i1.107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 71-76

Author(s):

Nurul Syafiqah Senafi ◽

Nor Zalipah Mohamed ◽

Wahizatul Afzan Azmi

Keyword(s):

Daily Rainfall ◽

Trapping Efficiency ◽

Mass Trapping ◽

Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus ◽

Population Abundance ◽

Red Palm Weevil ◽

Coconut Tree ◽

Pheromone Trapping ◽

Palm Weevil ◽

Significant Difference

Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a lethal pest which has been described as a serious pest that reduces the production of coconut tree and other major cultivated palms. RPW infestation was initially detected by Department of Agriculture (DOA) in 2007 in all eight Terengganu districts. Rhu Tapai plantation area is one of the highly infested areas in Terengganu. Until now, limited reports on population abundance of this lethal pest have been discussed particularly in Rhu Tapai. Therefore, a study on population abundance is a must in order to understand the population dynamic of RPW which will be the first step of its control strategy. A total of 12 traps were installed and synthetic pheromones (P028 Ferrolure+) were used in attracting the RPW adults. Overall, 81 individuals of RPW were successfully collected after 16 weeks of pheromone trapping (3rd September until 28th November 2018). The trend of weekly RPW captured was eventually decreasing from Week 1 to Week 16 but showed a sudden increment in Week 10. Pandan cultivar plot captured the highest number of adult RPW compared with Mawa cultivar plots. Result showed no significant difference between RPW sexes percentage of sexes which was 53% of male and 47% of female (1:1 ratio) (U= 0.143, p > 0.05). Daily rainfall and temperature significantly reduced the trapping efficiency (R²rainfall = 0.142, p = 0.145; R²temperature = 0.0858; p = 0.258). These results will be the baseline information for future study regarding control management strategy using pheromone-based mass trapping system.

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Effects of Entomopathogenic Fungi on the Biology of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its Reduviid Predator, Rhynocoris marginatus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae)

International Journal of Insect Science ◽

10.1177/1179543319867116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 117954331986711 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Muhammad Irfan Ullah ◽

Nimra Altaf ◽

Muhammad Afzal ◽

Muhammad Arshad ◽

Naunain Mehmood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽

Spodoptera Litura ◽

Consumption Rate ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Adult Emergence ◽

Lower Efficiency ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽

Infected Prey

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs), Isaria fumosorosea and Beauveria bassiana, are efficient biological agents in the management of multiple arthropod pests. In this study, the effects of both EPF species on various life stages of Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its natural enemy Rhynocoris marginatus (Fab.) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) were determined under laboratory conditions. I. fumosorosea significantly ( P < .05) reduced the growth rate of the third and fourth instar larvae of S. litura. For relative consumption rate (RCR), the maximum impact was recorded for I. fumosorosea, which reduced the RCR of the larvae. The larvae of S. litura treated with I. fumosorosea showed significantly lower efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and the larval mortality rate (58.0%) was also higher compared with B. bassiana (33.3%). Similarly, I. fumosorosea had a significant effect on the pupal formation of S. litura; however, no significant effect was found on adult emergence percentage. To determine the effect of EPF-infected prey on the adult predator, their handling time, predatory rate, consumption rate, and the survival rate were recorded. No significant effect of EPF species on the predation rate was found. Furthermore, no significant difference was found in the survival rate of predators fed on either EPF-infected prey or healthy larvae. The interaction of these EPFs with a reduviid predator suggested that both EPF species, especially I. fumosorosea, could be used together with the predator to boost the biological control of S. litura in commercial crops.

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Po2 profiles near arterioles and tissue oxygen consumption in rat mesentery

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00077.2007 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 293 (2) ◽

pp. H1097-H1106 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Aleksander S. Golub ◽

Matthew C. Barker ◽

Roland N. Pittman

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Consumption Rate ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Phosphorescence Quenching ◽

Microscopy Technique ◽

Rat Mesentery ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Ambient Oxygen ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tissue Oxygen Consumption

A scanning phosphorescence quenching microscopy technique, designed to prevent accumulated O2 consumption by the method, was applied to Po2 measurements in mesenteric tissue. In an attempt to further increase the accuracy of the measurements, albumin-bound probe was topically applied to the tissue and an objective-mounted pressurized bag was used to reduce the oxygen transport bypass through the thin layer of fluid over the mesentery. Po2 was measured at multiple sites perpendicular to the blood/wall interface in the vicinity of 84 mesenteric arterioles (7–39 μm in diameter) at distances of 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 μm in seven anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, thereby creating Po2 profiles. Interstitial Po2 above and immediately beside arterioles was found to agree with known intravascular values. No significant difference in Po2 profiles was found between small and large arterioles, indicating a small longitudinal Po2 gradient in the precapillary mesenteric microvasculature. In addition, the Po2 profiles were used to calculate oxygen consumption in the mesenteric tissue (56–65 nl O2·cm−3·s−1). Correction of these values for contamination with ambient oxygen yielded an oxygen consumption rate of 60–68 nl O2·cm−3·s−1, the maximal limit for consumption in the mesentery. The results were compared with measurements made by other workers in regard to the employed techniques.

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