scholarly journals The Impact of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on the Sugar Contents and Protective Enzymes in Acyrthosiphon pisum

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1053
Author(s):  
Chunchun Li ◽  
Weining Yuan ◽  
Yuping Gou ◽  
Kexin Zhang ◽  
Qiangyan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Protective Enzymes ◽  
The Impact

Natural and anthropogenic changes have been altering many environmental factors. These include the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. However, the effects of solar radiation on insect physiology have received little attention. As a pest for agriculture and horticulture, aphids are one of the most difficult pest groups to control due to their small size, high fecundity, and non-sexual reproduction. Study of the effects of UV-B radiation on aphid physiology may provide alternative control strategies in pest management. In this study, we examined the effects of UV-B radiation on protein and sugar contents, as well as the activities of protective enzymes, of the red and green morphs of the pea aphid over eight generations. The results indicated a significant interaction between UV-B radiation and aphid generations. Exposure of the pea aphids to UV-B radiation caused a significant decrease in the protein content and a significant increase in the glycogen and trehalose contents at each generation as measured in whole aphid bioassays. The enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) of the pea aphids changed significantly at each generation with UV-B treatments. The SOD activity increased over eight generations to the highest level at G7 generation. However, the enzyme activity of CAT first increased and then decreased with UV-B treatments, and POD mostly gradually decreased over the eight generations. Therefore, UV-B radiation is an environmental factor that could result in physiological changes of the pea aphid. Moreover, our study discovered that red and green aphids did not display a significant consistent difference in the response to the UV-B treatments. These results may prove useful in future studies especially for assessing their significance in the adaptation and management against UV-B radiation.

SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), IN MANITOBA FIELD PEAS

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 601-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Maiteki ◽  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
S.T. Ali-Khan
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Pea Aphids

AbstractPea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), were sampled from 1980 to 1983 in field peas, Pisum sativum (L.), in Manitoba. Sweep and foliage samples were taken in commercial fields and plots. Aphids were found in late May or early June soon after the crop emerged, but populations were low throughout June. Populations increased in July, when the crop was flowering and producing pods, and peaked in the latter half of July or early August in 3 of the 4 years, when pods were maturing. Populations decreased rapidly after the peak, as the plants senesced. In 1980, a drought year, aphid densities were low and the populations peaked in the middle of August. From 1981 to 1983, densities exceeded the economic threshold in all commercial fields and all but one of the plots that were sampled.

INFLUENCE OF STARVATION ON DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION IN APTEROUS VIRGINOPARAE OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARRIS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.L. Kouamé ◽  
M. Mackauer
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Growth Development

AbstractThe influence of nutrient stress on growth, development, and reproduction in apterous virginoparae of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), was investigated in the laboratory. We tested the hypothesis that species with a high reproductive investment have low resistance to starvation. Aphids in two groups were starved daily from birth for 4 h and 6 h, respectively, and compared with feeding counterparts reared on leaves of broad beans, Vicia faba L. Aphid wet weight increased as an exponential function of age in all groups. Starved aphids had lower adult weight and required longer from birth to parturition than feeding aphids. These effects increased with the length of daily starvation. The number of offspring produced was correlated with adult dry weight. Aphids were unable to compensate, or to compensate completely, for water and nutrient loss resulting from starvation. It is suggested that pea aphids allocate resources first to maintenance and then to reproduction when deprived of food.

COMPARISON OF SWEEP-NET AND STEM-COUNT TECHNIQUES FOR SAMPLING PEA APHIDS IN ALFALFA

1989 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-347
Author(s):  
G. David Buntin ◽  
David J. Isenhour
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Sweep Net

The accuracy, precision and efficiency of stem-count and sweep-net techniques were compared for sampling the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), in alfalfa. Density estimates by both techniques were highly correlated (r = 0.87). Both techniques were similar in sample precision and efficiency, but stem counts provided more accurate density estimates than the sweep net technique. The stem count technique is an accurate and efficient alternative to the sweep net for sampling pea aphids in alfalfa.

Escape behaviour of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) in response to alarm pheromone and vibration

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 2245-2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Clegg ◽  
C. A. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Alarm Pheromone ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Escape Behaviour ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Escape Responses

Pea aphids respond most effectively to the threat of a predator by walking away or dropping from their host plant. Simulating threat by using vibration and alarm pheromone, both separately and together, we found no evidence that escape responses are heritable, nor that individual aphids have characteristic escape behaviours. On the contrary, the amount of alarm pheromone influenced responses: the more pheromone, the more likely an immediate and effective escape. Vibration preceding alarm pheromone greatly increased responsiveness to pheromone, and aphids were more responsive to pheromone after vibration when feeding on stems than when feeding on the undersides of leaves.

Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, cornicle ontogeny as an adaptation to differential predation risk

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 2131-2136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward B Mondor ◽  
Bernard D Roitberg
Keyword(s):  
Alarm Pheromone ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Harmonia Axyridis ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Alarm Signaling ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Pea Aphids

Aphids possess unique anatomical structures called cornicles through which a defensive secretion containing alarm pheromone is often emitted when a predator attacks an aphid. The levels of alarm pheromone in cornicle droplets from the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), vary considerably during development; however, it is not clear how the length of the cornicle changes during ontogeny. The length of the cornicle relative to the lengths of other body structures may have profound effects on aphid defense and alarm signal diffusion. Using previously published morphological measurements of pea aphids and observing interactions between pea aphids and multicolored Asian ladybird beetles, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, it was observed that pea aphid cornicles elongate proportionally more than other body parts during the first four instars, when alarm-pheromone levels have peaked, than during the fifth (adult) instar, when pheromone levels decline. Pea aphids also are more likely to emit cornicle droplets and daub them onto a predator when the cornicles are undergoing such rapid growth. We suggest that because of a high risk of predation, rapid cornicle growth in juveniles has evolved both for individual defense and for the inclusive fitness benefits of alarm signaling.

scholarly journals Fate of dietary sucrose and neosynthesis of amino acids in the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum, reared on different diets

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (19) ◽  
pp. 2639-2652 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Febvay ◽  
Y. Rahbe ◽  
M. Rynkiewicz ◽  
J. Guillaud ◽  
G. Bonnot
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Pea Aphids

The fate of sucrose, the major nutrient of an aphid's natural food, was explored by radiolabeling in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. To investigate the influence of nitrogen quality of food on amino acid neosynthesis, pea aphids were reared on two artificial diets differing in their amino acid composition. The first (diet A) had an equilibrated amino acid balance, similar to that derived from analysis of aphid carcass, and the other (diet B) had an unbalanced amino acid composition similar to that of legume phloem sap. Aphids grown on either diet expired the same quantity of sucrose carbon as CO(2), amounting to 25–30 % of the ingested sucrose catabolized in oxidation pathways. On diet A, the aphids excreted through honeydew about twice as much sucrose carbon as on diet B (amounting to 12.6 % of the ingested sucrose for diet A and 8.4 % for diet B), while amounts of sucrose carbons incorporated into exuviae were almost identical (1.9 % of the ingested sucrose on diet A and 2.7 % on diet B). There was also no difference in the amounts of sucrose carbon incorporated into the aphid tissues, which represented close to 50 % of the ingested sucrose. Sucrose carbons in the aphid tissues were mainly incorporated into lipids and the quantities involved were the same in aphids reared on either diet. On diet B, we observed neosynthesis of all protein amino acids from sucrose carbons and, for the first time in an aphid, we directly demonstrated the synthesis of the essential amino acids leucine, valine and phenylalanine. Amino acid neosynthesis from sucrose was significantly higher on diet B (11.5 % of ingested sucrose carbons) than on diet A (5.4 %). On diet A, neosynthesis of most of the amino acids was significantly diminished, and synthesis of two of them (histidine and arginine) was completely suppressed. The origin of amino acids egested through honeydew was determined from the specific activity of the free amino acid pool in the aphid. Aphids are able to adjust to variation in dietary amino acids by independent egestion of each amino acid. While more than 80 % of excreted nitrogen was from food amino acids, different amino acids were excreted in honeydew of aphids reared on the two diets. The conversion yields of dietary sucrose into aphid amino acids determined in this study were combined with those obtained previously by studying the fate of amino acids in pea aphids reared on diet A. The origin of all the amino acid carbons in aphid tissues was thus computed, and the metabolic abilities of aphid are discussed from an adaptive point of view, with respect to their symbiotic status.

scholarly journals The importance of antennae for pea aphid wing induction in the presence of natural enemies

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kunert ◽  
W.W. Weisser
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Wing Formation ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
General Response

AbstractThe pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisumHarris has been shown to produce an increasing proportion of winged morphs among its offspring when exposed to natural enemies, in particular hoverfly larvae, lacewing larvae, adult and larval ladybirds and aphidiid parasitoids. While these results suggest that wing induction in the presence of predators and parasitoids is a general response of the pea aphid, the cues and mechanisms underlying this response are still unclear. Tactile stimuli and the perception of chemical signals as well as visual signals are candidates for suitable cues in the presence of natural enemies. In this paper the hypothesis that the aphids' antennae are crucial for the wing induction in the presence of natural enemies is tested. Antennae of pea aphids were ablated and morph production was scored when aphids were reared either in the presence or the absence of predatory lacewing larvae over a six-day period. Ablation of antennae resulted in a drastic drop in the proportion of winged morphs among the offspring, both in the presence and the absence of a predator whereas predator presence increased wing induction in aphids with intact antennae, as reported in previous experiments. The results show that antennae are necessary for wing induction in the presence of natural enemies. Critical re-examination of early work on the importance of aphid antennae and tactile stimuli for wing induction suggests that a combination of tactile and chemical cues is likely to be involved not only in predator-induced wing formation but also for wing induction in response to factors such as crowding in the aphid colony.

scholarly journals MULTITROPHIC MODELS OF PREDATOR–PREY ENERGETICS: I. AGE-SPECIFIC ENERGETICS MODELS—PEA APHID ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AS AN EXAMPLE

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (7) ◽  
pp. 923-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Gutierrez ◽  
J. U. Baumgaertner ◽  
C. G. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Dependent Rate ◽  
Current State ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Pool Model ◽  
Metabolic Pool

AbstractA simple age-specific energetics (calories or biomass) model for the growth and development, reproduction, respiration, ageing, and intrinsic survivorship as a function of temperature and per capita energy availability for pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)) is reported. The ratio of energy supply–demand is used to scale all of the rates in the model. The maximum demand for energy based upon current state values is used to drive the Frazer–Gilbert functional response model (i.e. food acquisition), which is a component of the metabolic pool model used to assimilate energy to growth, reproduction, respiration, and egestion. The extensive data sets on pea aphid energetics published by Randolph et al. (1975) were used to develop the model. As the model estimates reproduction (Mx) and survivorship (Lx) values, extensive published age-specific life-data sets on pea aphids are used to test it. The results suggest:(1) the lower thermal threshold for development is raised and the upper threshold is lowered as food resources are decreased(2) the temperature-dependent rate of development is slowed with decreasing energy resources(3) the size of individuals and reproduction become smaller as temperature approaches the upper and lower thermal thresholds.A simple model for multitrophic level interactions incorporating the acquisition and assimilation functions is presented.

PEA APHID CONTROL AND DI-SYSTON RESIDUES IN GREENHOUSE PEAS AS AFFECTED BY RATES OF APPLICATION, SOIL TYPE, AND SOIL MOISTURE

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Specht ◽  
D. Chisholm
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Base Exchange ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Pea Aphids

Furrow applications of Di-syston (O,O-diethyl S-2- (ethylthio)ethyl phosphorodithioate) for control of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on peas under greenhouse conditions showed that the Di-syston content of the plants reflected the application rates; absorption of Di-syston by the plants was greater on sandy loam than on clay loam; concentrations of Di-syston tended to be highest in the basal third of the pea vines and progressively lower in the middle and top thirds of the plants; slight phytotoxicity occurred on the lower leaves at 4 and 32 lb per acre (4.48 and 35.87 kg/ha) of toxicant but yields were not affected; soil moisture did not affect the uptake of Di-syston in the plant. Differences in uptake may be attributed to differences in the base exchange capacity of the soils.

POPULATION DYNAMICS AND RECOGNITION OF BIOTYPES IN THE PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 1729-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Frazer
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Differential Survival ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Broad Beans ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Table Analysis ◽  
Test Organisms

AbstractFive biotypes of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), from four hosts were recognized by their differential survival and rates of population increase on broom, white clover, alfalfa and broad beans, by body size, colour, and rates of natural increase (rm) on broad beans. A simple method is described which can verify that the differences between rm values measured by life table analysis are not due to chance.Four of the biotypes were sympatric. It is suggested that biotypes in the pea aphid result from annual adaptations to various species of leguminous host plants and therefore other characteristics of the biotypes may vary from year to year. For this reason, only fundatrices and their immediate offspring which have not been subjected to this selection should be used as test organisms in assaying plants for resistance to pea aphids. The use of a biotype of a single year for screening plant varieties may lead to the production of varieties which are highly acceptable to other biotypes.

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