scholarly journals The Skull’s Girder: A Brief Review of the Cranial Base

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Shankar Rengasamy Venugopalan ◽  
Eric Van Otterloo
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Endochondral Ossification ◽  
Cranial Base ◽  
Facial Skeleton ◽  
The Core ◽  
Skull Vault ◽  
Congenital Birth Defects ◽  
Intimate Association ◽  
The Brain

The cranial base is a multifunctional bony platform within the core of the cranium, spanning rostral to caudal ends. This structure provides support for the brain and skull vault above, serves as a link between the head and the vertebral column below, and seamlessly integrates with the facial skeleton at its rostral end. Unique from the majority of the cranial skeleton, the cranial base develops from a cartilage intermediate—the chondrocranium—through the process of endochondral ossification. Owing to the intimate association of the cranial base with nearly all aspects of the head, congenital birth defects impacting these structures often coincide with anomalies of the cranial base. Despite this critical importance, studies investigating the genetic control of cranial base development and associated disorders lags in comparison to other craniofacial structures. Here, we highlight and review developmental and genetic aspects of the cranial base, including its transition from cartilage to bone, dual embryological origins, and vignettes of transcription factors controlling its formation.

The structure of the central nervous system

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Vertebral Canal ◽  
Skull Vault ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

It is important to have a picture of the relationship of the brain and spinal cord to the bones of the skull and vertebral column that house and protect them and the protective layers of connective tissues known as the meninges that cover the CNS; these lie between the bones and brain and spinal cord. The brain is housed within the skull which will be described in much more detail in Section 4 . As you can appreciate by feeling your own skull, the top, front, sides, and back are smoothly curved. The surface of the brain is similarly curved and conforms to the shape of the bones. Note that, in reality, it is really the other way round—brain shape determines the shape of the bones of the skull vault forming the braincase. If the top of the braincase and the brain are removed to reveal the floor of the cranial cavity formed by the bones of the cranial base, it is anything but smooth. Viewed from the lateral aspect and going from anterior to posterior, it is like three descending steps. This structure is shown diagrammatically in Figure 15.1 and shows how different parts of the brain conform to these steps. The first step lies above the nasal and orbital cavities and is known as the anterior cranial fossa ; it houses the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. The second step is the middle cranial fossa and contains the temporal lobes of each cerebral hemisphere laterally and the midbrain and pons medially. The final step is the posterior cranial fossa where the rest of the brainstem and cerebellum lie. The floor of the posterior fossa is pierced by the foramen magnum through which the medulla oblongata and spinal cord become continuous. The spinal cord occupies the vertebral canal running in the vertebral column. As you can see in Figure 3.5 , in adults, the cord occupies the vertebral canal from the upper border of the first cervical vertebra, the atlas, down to the level of the disc between the first and second lumbar vertebrae.

The Core of What the Brain Does

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Kreiner
Keyword(s):  
The Core ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals What is special about L3 processing?

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEES DE BOT ◽  
CAROL JAENSCH
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Third Language ◽  
The Core ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
Core Issue ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time

While research on third language (L3) and multilingualism has recently shown remarkable growth, the fundamental question of what makes trilingualism special compared to bilingualism, and indeed monolingualism, continues to be evaded. In this contribution we consider whether there is such a thing as a true monolingual, and if there is a difference between dialects, styles, registers and languages. While linguistic and psycholinguistic studies suggest differences in the processing of a third, compared to the first or second language, neurolinguistic research has shown that generally the same areas of the brain are activated during language use in proficient multilinguals. It is concluded that while from traditional linguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives there are grounds to differentiate monolingual, bilingual and multilingual processing, a more dynamic perspective on language processing in which development over time is the core issue, leads to a questioning of the notion of languages as separate entities in the brain.

scholarly journals Recent African strains of Zika virus display higher transmissibility and fetal pathogenicity than Asian strains

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Aubry ◽  
Sofie Jacobs ◽  
Maïlis Darmuzey ◽  
Sebastian Lequime ◽  
Leen Delang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Public Health Surveillance ◽  
Fetal Loss ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Congenital Birth Defects ◽  
Fetal Mice ◽  
Puzzling Aspect ◽  
Low Passage

AbstractThe global emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) revealed the unprecedented ability for a mosquito-borne virus to cause congenital birth defects. A puzzling aspect of ZIKV emergence is that all human outbreaks and birth defects to date have been exclusively associated with the Asian ZIKV lineage, despite a growing body of laboratory evidence pointing towards higher transmissibility and pathogenicity of the African ZIKV lineage. Whether this apparent paradox reflects the use of relatively old African ZIKV strains in most laboratory studies is unclear. Here, we experimentally compare seven low-passage ZIKV strains representing the recently circulating viral genetic diversity. We find that recent African ZIKV strains display higher transmissibility in mosquitoes and higher lethality in both adult and fetal mice than their Asian counterparts. We emphasize the high epidemic potential of African ZIKV strains and suggest that they could more easily go unnoticed by public health surveillance systems than Asian strains due to their propensity to cause fetal loss rather than birth defects.

scholarly journals Clinically Visible Congenital Birth Defects, Case of the Kenya Health District in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

OALib ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 06 (05) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nama Mwengu Cecile ◽  
Mizelo waKumwimba ◽  
Ngoy Shindano Romain ◽  
Iungamakonga Dressen ◽  
Lunkutu kitambala Hugues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Health District ◽  
Congenital Birth Defects ◽  
Republic Of The Congo

scholarly journals Selection for increased tibia length in mice alters skull shape through parallel changes in developmental mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colton M. Unger ◽  
Jay Devine ◽  
Benedikt Hallgrímsson ◽  
Campbell Rolian
Keyword(s):  
Endochondral Ossification ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Cranial Base ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Growth Plates ◽  
History Of ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Tibia Length ◽  
Shape Changes

AbstractBones in the vertebrate cranial base and limb skeleton grow by endochondral ossification, under the control of growth plates. Mechanisms of endochondral ossification are conserved across growth plates, which increases covariation in size and shape among bones, and in turn may lead to correlated changes in skeletal traits not under direct selection. We used micro-CT and geometric morphometrics to characterize shape changes in the cranium of the Longshanks mouse, which was selectively bred for longer tibiae. We show that Longshanks skulls became longer, flatter, and narrower in a stepwise process. Moreover, we show that these morphological changes likely resulted from developmental changes in the growth plates of the Longshanks cranial base, mirroring changes observed in its tibia. Thus, indirect and non-adaptive morphological changes can occur due to developmental overlap among distant skeletal elements, with important implications for interpreting the evolutionary history of vertebrate skeletal form.

scholarly journals Mengenal Spina Bifida dan Pencegahannya

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 896-903
Author(s):  
Genta Faesal Atsani ◽  
Zanetha Mauly Ilawanda ◽  
Ilma Fahira Basyir
Keyword(s):  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Tube Defects ◽  
Congenital Abnormality ◽  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Folic Acid Supplementation ◽  
Online Portal ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Developing Spinal Cord

Neural tube defects (NTD) are one of the birth defects or congenital abnormalities that occur in the brain and spine, and commonly find in newborns worldwide. Anencephaly and spina bifida are the two prevalent forms of NTD. The incidence of spina bifida happen on average 1 in 1000 cases of birth worldwide and there are 140,000 cases per year worldwide. Source searches were carried out on the online portal of journal publications as many as 20 sources from MedScape, Google Scholar and the Nation Center for Biotechnology Information / NCBI with the keywords “Neural tube defects (NTD), prevention, and spina bifida”. Spina bifida is a congenital abnormality that occurs in the womb due to a failure of closing process the neural tube during the first few weeks of embryonic development which causes the spine not completely close around the developing spinal cord nerves. NTD can ensue multifactorial conditions such as genetic, environmental, and folate deficiency. The use of folic acid supplementation starting at least 3 months before pregnancy, those are 400 mcg (0.4 mg) per day and 800 mcg per day during pregnancy can reduce the risk of developing neural tube defects such as spina bifida. Generally, spina bifida is undertaking by surgery and the regulation of patients comorbid. Public can find out prevention to avoid or reduce the risk of spina bifida so that the incidence of spina bifida can decrease along with the increasing awareness of the community regarding this disease.

scholarly journals TRACTION CONCEPT «REHABILITATION» IN THE FRENCH MEDICINE SYSTEM

World Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (5(45)) ◽  
pp. 4-6
Author(s):  
M. Danylevych ◽  
R. Koval ◽  
B. Ivanytska ◽  
Y. Kazimova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
21St Century ◽  
State Power ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Congenital Birth Defects ◽  
Tools And Methods

Given the increase on the planet of the number of people with congenital birth defects, technocratization of society, an increase in the number of persons with disabilities was expected at the beginning of the 21st century to one billion consequently, disability is a worldwide social phenomenon, which should be the focus of every country, its bodies of state power and administration, scientists and physicians, psychologists and educators, specialists in physical culture and sports. So, we see that under the concept «réadaptation» (f) in France, a set of tools and methods used by the relevant specialists to rehabilitate persons with disabilities, as well as simply patients, in order to return them to the maximum possible conditions of everyday life. The twentieth century in France is characterized by the creation of a number of organizations whose activities are aimed at working with such people.

scholarly journals Risk of congenital birth defects during COVID-19 pandemic: Draw attention to the physicians and policymakers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Sakirul Islam Khan ◽  
Hiroaki Nabeka ◽  
Sheikh Mohammad Fazle Akbar ◽  
Mamun Al Mahtab ◽  
Tetsuya Shimokawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Congenital Birth Defects
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