scholarly journals Effects of Glyphosate-Based and Derived Products on Sea Urchin Larval Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 661
Author(s):  
Davide Asnicar ◽  
Costanza Cappelli ◽  
Ahmad Safuan Sallehuddin ◽  
Nur Atiqah Maznan ◽  
Maria Gabriella Marin
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Aminomethylphosphonic Acid ◽  
Main Degradation Product ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate

Despite the widespread use of herbicide glyphosate in cultivation, its extensive runoff into rivers and to coastal areas, and the persistence of this chemical and its main degradation product (aminomethylphosphonic acid, AMPA) in the environment, there is still little information on the potential negative effects of glyphosate, its commercial formulation Roundup® and AMPA on marine species. This study was conducted with the aim of providing a comparative evaluation of the effects of glyphosate-based and its derived chemicals on the larval development of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, thus providing new data to describe the potential ecotoxicity of these contaminants. In particular, the effects on larval development, growth and metabolism were assessed during 48 h of exposure from the time of egg fertilization. The results confirm that AMPA and its parent compound, glyphosate have similar toxicity, as observed in other marine invertebrates. However, interestingly, the Roundup® formulation seemed to be less toxic than the glyphosate alone.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary microalgae on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus throughout larval development

Aquaculture ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 324-325 ◽  
pp. 250-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Carboni ◽  
Julien Vignier ◽  
Mariachiara Chiantore ◽  
Douglas R. Tocher ◽  
Herve Migaud
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus

scholarly journals Molecular and Morphological Toxicity of Diatom-Derived Hydroxyacid Mixtures to Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus Embryos

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Albarano ◽  
Nadia Ruocco ◽  
Adrianna Ianora ◽  
Giovanni Libralato ◽  
Loredana Manfra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Diatom Blooms ◽  
Polyunsaturated Aldehydes ◽  
First Time

Oxylipins such as polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) and hydroxyacids (HEPEs) are signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are common in diatoms that constitute a major group of microalgae in freshwater and oceanic ecosystems. Although HEPEs represent the most common oxylipins produced by diatoms, little information is available on their effects on marine invertebrates, and most of the information has been obtained by testing individual HEPEs. Our previous studies reported that four hydroxyacids, i.e., 5-, 9-, 11-, and 15-HEPE, were able to induce malformations and a marked developmental delay in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos, which had not been reported for other oxylipins. Here, we tested a mixture of 5-, 9-, 11-, and 15-HEPE at different concentrations for the first time. The results showed that mixtures of HEPEs have synergistic effects that are much more severe compared to those of individual HEPEs: The HEPE mixtures induced malformations in sea urchin embryos at lower concentrations. Increasing HEPE mixture concentrations induced a marked increase in the number of delayed embryos, until all embryos were delayed at the highest concentration tested. At the molecular level, the HEPE mixtures induced variations in the expression of 50 genes involved in different functional processes, mainly down-regulating these genes at the earliest stages of embryonic development. These findings are ecologically significant, considering that during diatom blooms, sea urchins could accumulate HEPEs in concentrations comparable to those tested in the present study.

scholarly journals New insights into negative effects of lithium on sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Ruocco ◽  
Maria Costantini ◽  
Luigia Santella
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Negative Effects

scholarly journals Two Benthic Diatoms, Nanofrustulum shiloi and Striatella unipunctata, Encapsulated in Alginate Beads, Influence the Reproductive Efficiency of Paracentrotus lividus by Modulating the Gene Expression

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Francesca Glaviano ◽  
Nadia Ruocco ◽  
Emanuele Somma ◽  
Giuseppe De Rosa ◽  
Virginia Campani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Benthic Diatoms ◽  
Hydrogel Beads ◽  
Bioassay Guided Fractionation

Physiological effects of algal metabolites is a key step for the isolation of interesting bioactive compounds. Invertebrate grazers may be fed on live diatoms or dried, pelletized, and added to compound feeds. Any method may reveal some shortcomings, due to the leaking of wound-activated compounds in the water prior to ingestion. For this reason, encapsulation may represent an important step of bioassay-guided fractionation, because it may assure timely preservation of the active compounds. Here we test the effects of the inclusion in alginate (biocompatible and non-toxic delivery system) matrices to produce beads containing two benthic diatoms for sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus feeding. In particular, we compared the effects of a diatom whose influence on P. lividus was known (Nanofrustulum shiloi) and those of a diatom suspected to be harmful to marine invertebrates, because it is often present in blooms (Striatella unipunctata). Dried N. shiloi and S. unipunctata were offered for one month after encapsulation in alginate hydrogel beads and the larvae produced by sea urchins were checked for viability and malformations. The results indicated that N. shiloi, already known for its toxigenic effects on sea urchin larvae, fully conserved its activity after inclusion in alginate beads. On the whole, benthic diatoms affected the embryogenesis of P. lividus, altering the expression of several genes involved in stress response, development, skeletogenesis and detoxification processes. Interactomic analysis suggested that both diatoms activated a similar stress response pathway, through the up-regulation of hsp60, hsp70, NF-κB, 14-3-3 ε and MDR1 genes. This research also demonstrates that the inclusion in alginate beads may represent a feasible technique to isolate diatom-derived bioactive compounds.

scholarly journals Chemosensitivity in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) to Food-Related Compounds: An Innovative Behavioral Bioassay

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Solari ◽  
Viviana Pasquini ◽  
Marco Secci ◽  
Angelica Giglioli ◽  
Roberto Crnjar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Chemical Sensitivity ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Related Compounds

Like other animals, echinoderms rely on chemical senses to detect and localize food resources. Here, we evaluate the chemical sensitivity of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus to a number of stimuli possibly related to food, such as a few sugars, compared to the blue-green algae Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis). To do this we developed a simple, innovative method based on the recording of “urchinograms” estimating the movements of spines, pedicellariae, tube feet, and eventually of the whole sea urchin, in response to chemicals, while keeping both the whole animal and the stimulus in their natural environment, underwater. Our results show that Spirulina is a highly stimulating compound for the sea urchin, by acting in a dose-dependent manner. The animals resulted also sensitive, even if to a lesser extent, to some sugars, such as the monosaccharide glucose, but not to its isomer fructose, while among disaccharides, they sensed cellobiose, but not sucrose or trehalose. From an applied point of view, any insight into the chemical sensitivity of sea urchins toward potential food-related compounds may lead to the discovery of key chemicals that would help improve the efficiency and reduce the costs of dietary substrates for optimization of intensive rearing strategies. Although this method has been developed for P. lividus, it will be suitable to evaluate the chemical sensitivity of other echinoderms and other marine invertebrates characterized by low mobility.

scholarly journals Assessment of individual and mixed toxicity of bromoform, tribromoacetic-acid and 2,4,6 tribromophenol, on the embryo-larval development of Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 20573-20580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Lebaron ◽  
Lilia Mechiri ◽  
Simone Richard ◽  
Annabelle Austruy ◽  
Jean-Luc Boudenne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Tribromoacetic Acid

scholarly journals Hemocytes/coelomocytes DNA content in five marine invertebrates: cell cycles and genome sizes

Biologia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Fafanđel ◽  
Nevenka Bihari ◽  
Mirta Smodlaka ◽  
Sanda Ravlić
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Sea Star ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Cell Cycles ◽  
High Interindividual Variability ◽  
Invertebrate Physiology

AbstractThe hemocytes/coelomocytes DNA content in five selected marine invertebrates (sea mouse Aphrodita aculeata, spiny crab Maja crispata, sea star Echinaster sepositus, sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, and tunicate Phallusia mammillata) was investigated by flow cytometry. The cell cycle analyses identified sea mouse coelomocytes as proliferating cells and revealed that spiny crab hemocytes and sea urchin coelomocytes complete their division in the hemolymph and coelom, respectively. The genome sizes of sea mouse and spiny crab are reported for the first time. The diploid DNA content (2C) in sea mouse A. aculeate was 1.24 pg, spiny crab M. crispata 7.76 pg, red starfish E. sepositus 1.52 pg and sea urchin P. lividus 1.08 pg. The mean diploid DNA content in tunicate P. mammillata was 0.11 pg with a high interindividual variability (45%). The presented results provide a useful database for future studies in the field of invertebrate physiology, ecotoxicology, biodiversity, species conservation and phylogeny.

Autophagy is required for sea urchin oogenesis and early development

Zygote ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 918-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Agnello ◽  
Roberto Chiarelli ◽  
Chiara Martino ◽  
Liana Bosco ◽  
Maria Carmela Roccheri
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Cadmium Stress ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Specific Localization ◽  
Developmental Programme

SummaryAutophagy is a major intracellular pathway for the degradation and recycling of cytosolic components. Emerging evidence has demonstrated its crucial role during the embryo development of invertebrates and vertebrates. We recently demonstrated a massive activation of autophagy in Paracentrotus lividus embryos under cadmium stress conditions, and the existence of a temporal relationship between induced autophagy and apoptosis. Although there have been numerous studies on the role of autophagy in the development of different organisms, information on the autophagic process during oogenesis or at the start of development in marine invertebrates is very limited. Here we report our recent data on the occurrence of autophagy at these key phases of development. In order to investigate autophagy trends we performed in vivo assays to detect autophagolysomes, as well as in situ analysis with anti-LC3 antibody to detect autophagosomes before the fusion with lysosomes. From data generated through confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantification of autophagic signals we have drawn several unequivocal conclusions. The results showed a copious and rising number of autophagic organelles that had specific localization. Interestingly the increase in autophagy that occurred just after fertilization has been proved to be crucial for correct initiation of the developmental programme: irreversible developmental delays and morphologic anomalies were induced by short autophagic inhibition. This work focused on the sea urchin model system and corroborates evidence on the need for self-digestion during development, enriching the knowledge on autophagy, a biological mechanism belonging to evolutionarily different organisms.

scholarly journals The Diverse Transformer (Trf) Protein Family in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus Acts through a Collaboration between Cellular and Humoral Immune Effector Arms

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6639
Author(s):  
Iryna Yakovenko ◽  
Asaf Donnyo ◽  
Or Ioscovich ◽  
Benyamin Rosental ◽  
Matan Oren
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Protein Family ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Humoral Immune

Sea urchins are long-living marine invertebrates with a complex innate immune system, which includes expanded families of immune receptors. A central immune gene family in sea urchins encodes the Transformer (Trf) proteins. The Trf family has been studied mainly in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Here, we explore this protein family in the Mediterranean Sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The PlTrf genes and predicted proteins are highly diverse and show a typical Trf size range and structure. Coelomocytes and cell-free coelomic fluid from P. lividus contain different PlTrf protein repertoires with a shared subset, that bind specifically to E. coli. Using FACS, we identified five different P. lividus coelomocyte sub-populations with cell surface PlTrf protein expression. The relative abundance of the PlTrf-positive cells increases sharply following immune challenge with E. coli, but not following challenge with LPS or the sea urchin pathogen, Vibrio penaeicida. Phagocytosis of E. coli by P. lividus phagocytes is mediated through the cell-free coelomic fluid and is inhibited by blocking PlTrf activity with anti-SpTrf antibodies. Together, our results suggest a collaboration between cellular and humoral PlTrf-mediated effector arms in the P. lividus specific immune response to pathogens.

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