scholarly journals Autofluorescence Is a Common Trait in Different Oceanic Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 709
Author(s):  
Eva Breyer ◽  
Markus Böhm ◽  
Magdalena Reitbauer ◽  
Chie Amano ◽  
Marilena Heitger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fungi ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Excitation Wavelength ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Ubiquitous Presence ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Natural autofluorescence is a widespread phenomenon observed in different types of tissues and organisms. Depending on the origin of the autofluorescence, its intensity can provide insights on the physiological state of an organism. Fungal autofluorescence has been reported in terrestrial and human-derived fungal samples. Yet, despite the recently reported ubiquitous presence and importance of marine fungi in the ocean, the autofluorescence of pelagic fungi has never been examined. Here, we investigated the existence and intensity of autofluorescence in five different pelagic fungal isolates. Preliminary experiments of fungal autofluorescence at different growth stages and nutrient conditions were conducted, reflecting contrasting physiological states of the fungi. In addition, we analysed the effect of natural autofluorescence on co-staining with DAPI. We found that all the marine pelagic fungi that were studied exhibited autofluorescence. The intensity of fungal autofluorescence changed depending on the species and the excitation wavelength used. Furthermore, fungal autofluorescence varied depending on the growth stage and on the concentration of available nutrients. Collectively, our results indicate that marine fungi can be auto-fluorescent, although its intensity depends on the species and growth condition. Hence, oceanic fungal autofluorescence should be considered in future studies when fungal samples are stained with fluorescent probes (i.e., fluorescence in situ hybridization) since this could lead to misinterpretation of results.

scholarly journals A Refined Four-Stream Radiative Transfer Model for Row-Planted Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Ma ◽  
Tiejun Wang ◽  
Lei Lu
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Canopy Reflectance ◽  
Transfer Equations ◽  
Radiative Transfer Equations ◽  
Different Growth Stages

In modeling the canopy reflectance of row-planted crops, neglecting horizontal radiative transfer may lead to an inaccurate representation of vegetation energy balance and further cause uncertainty in the simulation of canopy reflectance at larger viewing zenith angles. To reduce this systematic deviation, here we refined the four-stream radiative transfer equations by considering horizontal radiation through the lateral “walls”, considered the radiative transfer between rows, then proposed a modified four-stream (MFS) radiative transfer model using single and multiple scattering. We validated the MFS model using both computer simulations and in situ measurements, and found that the MFS model can be used to simulate crop canopy reflectance at different growth stages with an accuracy comparable to the computer simulations (RMSE < 0.002 in the red band, RMSE < 0.019 in NIR band). Moreover, the MFS model can be successfully used to simulate the reflectance of continuous (RMSE = 0.012) and row crop canopies (RMSE < 0.023), and therefore addressed the large viewing zenith angle problems in the previous row model based on four-stream radiative transfer equations. Our results demonstrate that horizontal radiation is an important factor that needs to be considered in modeling the canopy reflectance of row-planted crops. Hence, the refined four-stream radiative transfer model is applicable to the real world.

scholarly journals In Situ Nutritional Evaluation of Maize Varieties Harvested at Different Growth Stages

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asim Faraz ◽  
Nasir Ali Tauqir ◽  
Rana Muhammad Bilal ◽  
Fayyaz Ahmad ◽  
Abdul Waheed
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stages ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Different Growth Stages

scholarly journals Effect of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) treatment with brassinosteroids on the content of cadmium and lead in plant aerial biomass and grain

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kroutil ◽  
A. Hejtmánková ◽  
J. Lachman
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
Aas Method ◽  
Cadmium And Lead ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Spring wheat var. Vánek was cultivated in pots in a soil naturally contaminated with heavy metals. Experimental plants were treated with three different types of brassinosteroids (BRs; 24-epibrassinolide, 24-epicastasterone and 4154) during two different growth stages 29–31 DC (off shooting) and 59–60 DC (beginning of anthesis). Content of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn) was determined using AAS method in the plant growth stages 47–49 DC (visible awns), 73–75 DC (30–50% of final grain size) and 90–92 DC (full ripeness). At the stages 47–49 DC and 73–75 DC, the content of the heavy metals was determined in the biomass of whole plants, while at the stage 90–92 DC it was determined separately in straw and grains. After the treatment of plants with BRs a decrease in heavy metals content was observed in the growth stage 73–75 DC (i.e. during the period when the plants are harvested for ensilage purposes. Likewise, a decrease of lead content in the grains by 70–74% in the plants treated at both stages 29–31 DC and 59–60 DC and by 48–70% in the plants of the third group (plants treated at stage 59–60 DC) was determined as compared with the untreated plants.

Chemical composition and in situ degradability of two varieties of sugarcane at different growth stages in subtropical Japan

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Suzuki ◽  
Takeo Sakaigaichi ◽  
Yoshifumi Terajima ◽  
Makoto Matsuoka ◽  
Yuko Kamiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Different Growth Stages

In situ N K-edge XANES study of iron, cobalt and nickel nitride thin films

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Pandey ◽  
Mukul Gupta ◽  
D. M. Phase ◽  
Ajay Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Iron Nitride ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Nickel Nitride ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Cobalt And Nickel

A prototype in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) system was developed to explore its sensitivity for ultra-thin films of iron-nitride (Fe-N), cobalt-nitride (Co-N) and nickel-nitride (Ni-N). They were grown using DC-magnetron sputtering in the presence of an N2 plasma atmosphere at the experimental station of the soft XAS beamline BL01 (Indus-2, RRCAT, India). XANES measurements were performed at the N K-edge in all three cases. It was found that the N K-edge spectral shape and intensity are greatly affected by increasing thickness and appear to be highly sensitive, especially in low-thickness regions. From a certain thickness of ∼1000 Å, however, samples exhibit a bulk-like behavior. On the basis of the obtained results, different growth stages were identified. Furthermore, the presence of a molecular N2 component in the ultra-thin regime (<100 Å) was also obtained in all three cases studied in this work. In essence, this prototype in situ system reveals that N K-edge XANES is a powerful technique for studying ultra-thin films, and the development of a dedicated in situ system can be effective in probing several phenomena that remain hitherto unexplored in such types of transition metal nitride thin films.

Rumex acetosa L. Application on the Bioremediation of Soil Polluted by Combined Heavy Metals of Cd, Cu and Pb

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 3069-3073
Author(s):  
Yi Yang Zhao ◽  
Jia Li Shen Tu ◽  
Kun Bai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Test Area ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rumex Acetosa ◽  
Transfer Capability ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Combined Heavy Metals

Enrichment capacity and transfer capability of R. acetosa were studied in situ at the different growth stages, and the soil was polluted by the two levels (T1: Cd 0.70 mg/kg+Cu 114.37 mg/kg+Pb 138.94 mg/kg; T2: Cd 1.34 mg/kg+Cu 164.90 mg/kg+Pb 176.19 mg/kg) of combined heavy metals. The results showed that the content of Cd, Cu and Pb in roots increased first, then decreased and increased again as R. acetosa growing in each test area. And the content of Cd, Cu and Pb in shoots showed the same trend as roots. The enrichment capacity of R. acetosa to Cu and Pb was improved as the level of heavy metal pollution increased at the different growth stages, while the Cd was in inverse proportion to the concentration. But its enrichment capacity and transfer capability of Cd to be significantly higher than Cu and Pb. R. acetosa application on the bioremediation of soil polluted by combined heavy metals of Cd, Cu and Pb showed great potential.

scholarly journals Combining of the H/A/Alpha and Freeman–Durden Polarization Decomposition Methods for Soil Moisture Retrieval from Full-Polarization Radarsat-2 Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuxia Xie ◽  
Qingyan Meng ◽  
Linlin Zhang ◽  
Chunmei Wang ◽  
Qiao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Decomposition Methods ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Sar Images ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Soil moisture (SM) plays important roles in surface energy conversion, crop growth, environmental protection, and drought monitoring. As crops grow, the associated vegetation seriously affects the ability of satellites to retrieve SM data. Here, we collected such data at different growth stages of maize using Bragg and X-Bragg scattering models based on the Freeman–Durden polarization decomposition method. We used the H/A/Alpha polarization decomposition approach to extract accurate threshold values of decomposed scattering components. The results showed that the H and Alpha values of bare soil areas were lower and those of vegetated areas were higher. The threshold values of the three scattering components were 0.2–0.4 H and 7–24° Alpha for the surface scattering component, 0.6–0.9 H and 22–50° Alpha for the volume scattering component, and other values for the dihedral scattering component. The SM data retrieved (using the X-Bragg model) on June 27, 2014, were better than those retrieved at other maize growth stages and were thus associated with the minimum root-mean-square error value (0.028). The satellite-evaluated SM contents were in broad agreement with data measured in situ. Our algorithm thus improves the accuracy of SM data retrieval from synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images.

Cytokinins from terminal buds of Euphoria longana during different growth stages

1997 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-189
Author(s):  
Wen-Shaw Chen ◽  
Kuang-Liang Huang ◽  
Hsiao-Ching Yu
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stages ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Pb Electrodeposition in the Presence of Chlorine Ions on Cu(100): An in Situ Optical Reflectivity Difference Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 781 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gray ◽  
W. Schwarzacher ◽  
X.D. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Oblique Incidence ◽  
Opposite Sign ◽  
Bulk Phase ◽  
Phase Layer ◽  
Optical Reflectivity ◽  
Scan Rate ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chlorine Ions ◽  
High Overpotentials

AbstractWe studied the initial stages of the electrodeposition of Pb in the presence of chlorine ions on Cu(100), using an oblique-incidence optical reflectivity difference (OIRD) technique. The OI-RD results reveal that immediately following the underpotential deposition (UPD) of the first Pb monolayer, two different types of bulk-phase films grow depending upon the magnitude of overpotential and cyclic voltammetry (CV) scan rate. At low overpotentials and/or slow scan rates, we propose that a bulk-phase Pb film grows on top of the UPD monolayer. At high overpotentials and/or fast scan rates, either a PbO, PbCl2, or a rough Pb bulk-phase layer grows on top of the UPD layer such that the reflectivity difference signal from such a film has an opposite sign.

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