Analysis of research methodology on the content of heavy metals in sediments on the Indonesian coastal

Heavy metal pollution is one of the problems that often occurs in Indonesian coastal waters. Comparative methods of looking at heavy metal content in coastal sediments include a way to show similarities and differences between one or more articles by using certain criteria. Different comparison methods to see the heavy metal content in sediments include the AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) method, AAN (Netron Activation Analysis), Regression, and USEPA methods. Based on the comparison of 2 methods, namely: AAS and AAN methods, the most efficient in analyzing heavy metals in sediments in coastal areas is the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method compared to the Neutron Activation Analysis (AAS) method.Keywords:CoastalSedimentHeavy MetalSpectrophotometer

Microwave-Assisted Solid Sampling Analysis Coupled to Flame Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for Cd and Pb Determination in Food-Contact Polymers

Microwave-assisted solid sampling analysis coupled to flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (MW-SS-FF-AAS) was used for Cd and Pb determination in food-contact polymer samples, with the aim of minimizing reagents and laboratory waste. Operational parameters, such as the FF tube design, the oxygen flow rate, the flame stoichiometry, the sample mass, among others, were evaluated and optimized. Calibration was performed using only reference solutions, and the limits of quantification were 1.7 and 4.6 μg g−1 for Cd and Pb, respectively. Accuracy was assessed by the analysis of certified reference materials (CRMs), and by comparison with the results obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave-assisted wet digestion. The MW-SS-FF-AAS results for the CRMs showed no statistical difference with the certified values, and good agreement was observed with the results of the digestion method. The MW-SS-FF-AAS method was considered suitable for Cd and Pb determination in food-contact polymers. The concentrations of Cd and Pb in the analyzed samples varied from <1.7 to 628 μg g−1, and from <4.6 to 614 μg g−1, respectively. As sample digestion is not necessary, the use of concentrated acids can be avoided by using the proposed MW-SS-FF-AAS method, greatly reducing waste generation.

Heavy metal contamination of Hg and Pb in water, sediment and Violet Batissa (Batissa violacea Lamark, 1818) meat in Teunom River, Aceh Jaya Regency, Indonesia

Violet Batissa (Batissa violacea) is an important economic organism on the west-south coast of Aceh, because it is relatively high consumed by the community. However, gold mining activities carried out around the watershed are estimated to pollute the river and cause B. violacea to also be affected. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of mercury (Hg) and Lead (Pb) contamination in clam meat in Teunom, Aceh Jaya Regency. The research was conducted from June to September 2021. Sampling of clam was done by purposive sampling method. Hg and Pb were analyzed in clam meat using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) method. The results of the analysis showed that the Hg content in clam meat was between 0.12-0.63 mg/kg (mean 0.35±0.26 mg/kg), water 0.0026-0.0103 mg/kg (mean 0.0052±0.004 mg/kg), and sediment 1.3224-3.8767 mg/kg (mean 2.2324±1.427 mg/kg). Furthermore, the results of the analysis showed that the Pb content in clam meat, water and sediment had the same value at 3 stations with values 0.0002±0 mg/kg, 0.0003±0 mg/kg, and 0.0002±0 mg/kg, respectively. The conclusion of this study is that the Hg content in water and sediment has exceeded the threshold, while the clam meat is still in good quality standards. The Pb content in clam meat, water and sediment were also in good quality standards. Based on our study, B. violacea is still safe for consumption, while the water has been polluted and is recommended not to be utilized for human consumption.Keywords:Heavy metalRiverWaterSedimentBatissa violacea

Proximate, Mineral and Vitamin Analysis of Rebon Shrimp Diversification Products as an Indonesian Local Product: Supplementary Food for Malnourished Children

Background: Rebon shrimp (Acetes sp.) is a local food in the coastal areas of Southeast Asia that has good nutritional potential. It is a nutrient-rich food, high in protein, and beneficial to human health, but the utilization of rebon shrimp is still very low. Aims: This study aims to measure the proximate and mineral analysis of various rebon shrimp products that can be used as supplementary food, expected to be popularly used and consumed by the Indonesian people, particularly those of low economic income. Methods: The diversified products in this study are meatballs, floss, nuggets, fish sticks, and fish cakes made from Rebon Shrimp (Acetes sp.). The proximate levels were analyzed referring to the AOAC method, The mineral content Fe and Zn were analyzed using the AAS method. The Vitamins A and Vitamin C were determined by spectrophotometric methods and titrimetry methods. Results: This study revealed that rebon shrimp could be used in making children's healthy snacks. Snacks with rebon shrimp contributed to moisture (8.79 – 72.58 %), ash (5.06 – 10.29%), crude protein (20.41 – 27.93 %), crude fat (3.09 – 47.16%), and crude fiber (0.35 – 3.36 %). In addition, these foods also contained several important minerals and vitamins for the body, such as iron (9.47– 56.13 ppm), zinc (4.05– 40.02 ppm), Vitamin A (0.016 – 0.045%), and vitamin C (0.11 – 0.19%). Conclusion: Thus, rebon shrimp is potentially used as an alternative to local ingredients to improve the nutritional quality of children's food.

Is the Magnesium Content in Food Supplements Consistent with the Manufacturers’ Declarations?

Food supplements (FS) are gaining more and more popularity because they are a quick way to compensate for deficiencies in the diet. Due to their affordable price and easy-to-take form, they are eaten by all age groups and by healthy and sick people. There are many categories of this type of preparations on the market, and FS with magnesium (Mg) are some of the most commonly used. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the Mg content in FS and to compare the estimated value with that declared by the manufacturer. The study included 116 FS containing Mg. In order to determine the Mg content, the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) method was used. The tested FS were divided in terms of the declared content, pharmaceutical form, chemical form of Mg, composition complexity, and price. It was shown that in the case of 58.7% of the samples, the Mg content was different than the permissible tolerance limits set by the Polish chief sanitary inspectorate, which range from −20% to +45%. It has been estimated that as a result of the differences in the content, the patient may take up to 304% more Mg per day or 98% less than it is stated in the declaration. The above results indicate that the quality and safety of FS should be more closely monitored.

Mercury Determination in Certifiable Color Additives Using Thermal Decomposition Amalgamation and Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Analysis

Background Color additives requiring batch certification by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) specification limits for certain elements and are usually analyzed by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). However, sensitivity for Hg is too low in some color additives. Objective The thermal decomposition amalgamation-atomic absorption spectrometric (TDA-AAS) technique was investigated for providing quick and accurate determinations of Hg in certifiable color additives. Methods Tests were performed to optimize conditions and test reliability of Hg determinations at and below the CFR specification limit of 1 mg/kg. Results Sensitivity is much improved over XRF with limits of quantitation of 0.03 mg/kg for highly homogeneous color additives. Conclusions The TDA-AAS method can be used for determining Hg concentrations at and below the CFR specification limit. The technique is effective for all color additives, including those that are difficult to analyze by XRF, but less efficient for color additives that quickly deteriorate the catalyst. Regular quality checks using certified reference materials and in-house matrix-matched check standards are essential. Highlights The TDA-AAS method is applicable for use in routine color additive batch certification. Certain matrices (notably those that release nitrogen or sulfur oxides or halogens upon combustion) necessitate more frequent replacement of the catalyst and recalibration, impacting productivity. Color additives containing BaSO4, in color additive lakes, that are difficult to analyze by other techniques are well suited for TDA-AAS analysis.

The Effect Of Using Personal Protection Equipment (PPE), Mileage, And Smoking Habits On Hair Lead (Pb) Levels

Street sweepers, traffic officers, roadside sellers and motorcyclists, including students are subjects who are vulnerable to exposure to vehicle fumes. One of the air pollution generated from motor vehicle fumes is lead (Pb) which is toxic to humans and is accumulative. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between characteristic factors and lead levels in hair using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method. Respondents in this study were 32 male university students. The results showed a significance value of 0.274 (p> 0.05) on the parameter of PPE use, 0.049 (p <0.05) on the mileage parameter, and 0.576 (p> 0.05) on the smoking habit parameter. So it can be concluded that there is no effect of the use of PPE and smoking habits on hair lead levels and there is an effect of mileage on hair lead levels in student respondents.

Preparation of hydrogel reinforced with bentonite by gamma irradiation for metal absorption

A natural-based sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogel reinforced with bentonite was prepared by using gamma irradiation technology. This is a novel hydrogel that uses natural polymer to absorb metal ions in wastewater. The influence of dose, concentration of CMC and bentonite on the sorption of hydrogels was investigated by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) method. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, the maximum adsorption capacities of CMC/bentonite hydrogel for Cu2+ and Pb2+ were 181.82 mg/g and 204.08 mg/g at room temperature, respectively. The pseudo-second-order model which describes the adsorption process of Cu2+ and Pb2+ was also studied

Analysis of Cadmium (Cd) Heavy Metal Using the Atomic Abrsoption Spectrophotometry (AAS) Method in Canned Crab Products at Balai Pengujian Mutu Hasil Perikanan (BPMHP) Semarang, Central Java

Crab is fishery potential fishery product but it is a perishable food. Application and handling of crab can be done by processing it into canned products. Crab are very likely to be polluted by heavy metals in these waters because of heavy metal contamination is already very high in the ocean. The purpose of this activity is to find out directly assay methods of heavy cadmium (Cd) in canned crab product and know the standard limit of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) The analytical method of cadmium heavy metal content (Cd) on several canned crab products using the method analysis of SNI 2354.5: 2011. Based on the results of the crab product analytical (Portunus pelagicus) the results showed <0.5 mg / kg, so that based on the threshold of cadmium (Cd) on the tin crab pasteuriation product is regulated in SNI 6929: 2016, the product is safe and suitable for consumption.