scholarly journals Species Diversity and Distribution Characteristics of Calonectria in Five Soil Layers in a Eucalyptus Plantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 857
Author(s):  
LingLing Liu ◽  
WenXia Wu ◽  
ShuaiFei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Sampling Points

The genus Calonectria includes pathogens of various agricultural, horticultural, and forestry crops. Species of Calonectria are commonly collected from soils, fruits, leaves, stems, and roots. Some species of Calonectria isolated from soils are considered as important plant pathogens. Understanding the species diversity and distribution characteristics of Calonectria species in different soil layers will help us to clarify their long-term potential harm to plants and their patterns of dissemination. To our knowledge, no systematic research has been conducted concerning the species diversity and distribution characteristics of Calonectria in different soil layers. In this study, 1000 soil samples were collected from five soil layers (0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm) at 100 sampling points in one 15-year-old Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid plantation in southern China. A total of 1037 isolates of Calonectria present in all five soil layers were obtained from 93 of 100 sampling points. The 1037 isolates were identified based on DNA sequence comparisons of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), β-tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (cmdA), and histone H3 (his3) gene regions, as well as the combination of morphological characteristics. These isolates were identified as C. hongkongensis (665 isolates; 64.1%), C. aconidialis (250 isolates; 24.1%), C. kyotensis (58 isolates; 5.6%), C. ilicicola (47 isolates; 4.5%), C. chinensis (2 isolates; 0.2%), and C. orientalis (15 isolates; 1.5%). With the exception of C. orientalis, which resides in the C. brassicae species complex, the other five species belonged to the C. kyotensis species complex. The results showed that the number of sampling points that yielded Calonectria and the number (and percentage) of Calonectria isolates obtained decreased with increasing depth of the soil. More than 84% of the isolates were obtained from the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers. The deeper soil layers had comparatively lower numbers but still harbored a considerable number of Calonectria. The diversity of five species in the C. kyotensis species complex decreased with increasing soil depth. The genotypes of isolates in each Calonectria species were determined by tef1 and tub2 gene sequences. For each species in the C. kyotensis species complex, in most cases, the number of genotypes decreased with increasing soil depth. The 0–20 cm soil layer contained all of the genotypes of each species. To our knowledge, this study presents the first report of C. orientalis isolated in China. This species was isolated from the 40–60 and 60–80 cm soil layers at only one sampling point, and only one genotype was present. This study has enhanced our understanding of the species diversity and distribution characteristics of Calonectria in different soil layers.

scholarly journals Depth-Dependent C-N-P Stocks and Stoichiometry in Ultisols Resulting from Conversion of Secondary Forests to Plantations and Driving Forces

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1300
Author(s):  
Xiaogang Ding ◽  
Xiaochuan Li ◽  
Ye Qi ◽  
Zhengyong Zhao ◽  
Dongxiao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Masson Pine ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Significant Difference

Stocks and stoichiometry of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in ultisols are not well documented for converted forests. In this study, Ultisols were sampled in 175 plots from one type of secondary forest and four plantations of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.), Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), Eucalypt (Eucalyptus obliqua L’Hér.), and Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn., 1782) in Yunfu, Guangdong province, South China. Five layers of soil were sampled with a distance of 20 cm between two adjacent layers up to a depth of 100 cm. We did not find interactive effects between forest type and soil layer depth on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and storages. Storage of SOC was not different between secondary forests and Eucalypt plantations, but SOC of these two forest types were lower than that in Litchi, Masson pine, and Slash pine plantations. Soil C:P was higher in Slash pine plantations than in secondary forests. Soil CNP showed a decreasing trend with the increase of soil depth. Soil TP did not show any significant difference among soil layers. Soil bulk density had a negative contribution to soil C and P stocks, and longitude and elevation were positive drivers for soil C, N, and P stocks. Overall, Litchi plantations are the only type of plantation that obtained enhanced C storage in 0–100 cm soils and diverse N concentrations among soil layers during the conversion from secondary forests to plantations over ultisols.

scholarly journals SPATIAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LITTER AND BELOWGROUND CARBON IN A BRAZILIAN CERRADO VEGETATION

CERNE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinícius Augusto Morais ◽  
Carla Alessandra Santos ◽  
José Márcio Mello ◽  
Hassan Camil Dadid ◽  
Emanuel José Gomes Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Root Carbon ◽  
Spatial And Vertical Distribution

ABSTRACT Forest ecosystems contribute significantly to store greenhouse gases. This paper aimed to investigate the spatial and vertical distribution of litter, roots, and soil carbon. We obtained biomass and carbon of compartments (litter, roots, and soil) in a vegetation from Cerrado biome, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The materials were collected in 7 0.5 m² sub-plots randomly allocated in the vegetation. Root and soil samples were taken from five soil layers across the 0-100 cm depth. Roots were classified into three diameter classes: fine (<5 mm), medium (5-10 mm), and coarse (>10 mm) roots. The carbon stock was mapped through geostatistical analysis. The results indicated averages of soil carbon stock of 208.5 Mg.ha-1 (94.6% of the total carbon), root carbon of 6.8 Mg.ha-1 (3.1%), and litter of 5 Mg.ha-1 (2.3%). The root carbon was majority stored in coarse roots (83%), followed by fine (10%), and medium roots (7%). The largest portion of fine roots concentrated in the 0-10 cm soil depth, whereas medium and coarse roots were majority in the 10-20 cm depth. The largest portion of soil (53%) and root (85%) carbon were stored in superficial soil layers (above 40 cm). As conclusion, the carbon spatial distribution follows a reasonable trend among the compartments. There is a vertical relation of which the deeper the soil layer, the lower the soil and root carbon stock. Excepting the shallowest layer, coarse roots held the largest portion of carbon across the evaluated soil layers.

The soil propagule bank in a boreal old-growth spruce forest: changes with depth and relationship to aboveground vegetation

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Rydgren ◽  
Geir Hestmark
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Spruce Forest ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Propagule Bank ◽  
Uppermost Layer ◽  
Se Norway

The species composition and the depth distribution of the soil propagule banks of bryophytes and vascular plants from three different soil layers in a boreal old-growth spruce forest in SE Norway were studied using the emergence method. A total of 34 taxa germinated with a predominance of ferns and mosses. The frequency of the different species exhibits a common community pattern with a few common and a large number of low frequency species. The tree Betula pubescens, the ferns Athyrium filix-femina, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, and Phegopteris connectilis, and the mosses Plagiothecium laetum agg. and Polytrichum spp. were the most frequent. There is only a moderate correspondence, decreasing with soil depth, between the propagule bank and the aboveground vegetation in the sampled plots. In the soil profile, the litter layer on average had more taxa than the peaty mor and bleached layer (7.7, 6.0, and 5.5 taxa, respectively). Five of the 17 taxa occurring in more than 10% of the soil samples from the different soil layers were significantly more frequent in the upper soil layer, while two taxa were more frequent in either peaty mor and (or) the bleached layer than in the uppermost layer. The propagule bank in the different soil layers represents an in situ potential for regeneration of the vegetation after different degrees of disturbance in the forest floor. Key words: disturbance, soil propagule bank, boreal forest, bryophytes, vascular plants.

Grain Yield in Mungbean (Vigna radiata) is Associated with Spatial Distribution of Root Dry Weight and Volume

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Zhou ◽  
Dianfeng Zheng ◽  
Naijie Feng ◽  
Hongtao Xiang ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Spatial Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Full Flowering

Root system is an important plant organ affecting yield and the degree of influence of roots on yield in different spatial locations in the soil is different. The aim of this study was to research the spatial distribution characteristics of mung bean root and to analyze the correlation between spatial distribution of root and yield. The roots of mung bean in 0 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20 and 20 - 25 cm horizontal soil layers and in 0 - 20, 20 - 40, 40 - 60, 60 - 80 and 80 - 100 cm vertical soil layers were collected to analyze spatial distribution characteristics of root volume and root dry weight at full flowering stage and full pod stage. Yield and yield components were measured at maturity. Our study showed that approximately 48.4% - 65.2% of the mung bean root were in 0 - 5 cm horizontal soil layer and about 73.2% - 82.3% were in 0 - 20 cm vertical soil layer. Yield of mung bean exhibited significantly positive correlation with number of pods per plant. The root volume density of mung bean in 20 - 25 cm horizontal soil layer at full flowering stage exhibited significantly positive correlation with yield. These findings could be used to provide scientific basis for cultivating high-yield mung bean varieties with excellent root system.

scholarly journals Fine Root Dynamics in Three Forest Types with Different Origins in a Subalpine Region of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun Liu ◽  
Da Luo ◽  
Hongguo Yang ◽  
Zuomin Shi ◽  
Qianli Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Root ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Fine Root Dynamics ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Subalpine Region

Fine roots play a crucial role in plant survival potential and biogeochemical cycles of forest ecosystems. Subalpine areas of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have experienced different forest re-establishment methods after clear-cutting primary forest. However, little is known about fine root dynamics of these forests originating from artificial, natural and their combined processes. Here, we determined fine root traits (biomass, production and turnover rate) of three subalpine forest types, i.e., Picea asperata Mast. plantation forest (artificial planting, PF), natural secondary forest (natural without assisted regeneration, NF) and P. asperata broadleaved mixed forest (natural regeneration after artificial planting, MF) composed of planted P. asperata and naturally regenerated native broadleaved species. At the soil depth of 0–30 cm, fine root biomass was the highest in PF and fine root production was the highest in NF, and both were the lowest in MF. Fine root dynamics of the three forest types tended to decrease with soil depth, with larger variations in PF. Fine root biomass and production were the highest in PF in 0–10 cm soil layer but were not significantly different among forest types in the lower soil layers. There were positive correlations between these parameters and aboveground biomass across forest types in soil layer of 0–10 cm, but not in the lower soil layers. Fine root turnover rate was generally higher in mixed forests than in monocultures at all soil depths. In conclusion, the natural regeneration procedure after clear-cutting in the subalpine region of western Sichuan seems to be superior from the perspective of fine root dynamics.

scholarly journals Spatial variability in soybean associated with soil fertility variations in a no-tillage system

2020 ◽  
pp. 1465-1472
Author(s):  
Michel Esper Neto ◽  
Evandro Antonio Minato ◽  
Anderson Takashi Hara ◽  
Silas Maciel de Oliveira ◽  
Edner Betioli Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Kriging Maps

Understanding the spatial variability of soil fertility is necessary for preventing nutrient losses or excessive agricultural inputs. The aim of this research was to evaluate the spatial variability of the chemical characteristics of a Typic Hapludox cultivated with soybean for 110 days at different depths and the impacts of these characteristics on crop yield. Soil samples were collected at a total of 80 points in an area of 5000 m2 . The contents of P, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn were analyzed, in addition to pH and H+Al. The data were evaluated through descriptive statistics and geostatistical tools, and kriging maps were made based on semivariogram adjustments. Most of the soil fertility variables showed moderate or strong spatial dependence. The statistical moments obtained for the distributions showed that the symmetry of the distributions allowed the use of geostatistics techniques. In general, the greater the soil depth was, the lower the nutrient levels were. The soybean yield range (29.5 m) was similar to the P range in the 0.0-0.20 m soil layer (29.2 m). P influenced the soybean yield the most, as expressed by the similarity between the two kriging maps. In regions with more phosphorus at deeper soil layers, higher soybean yields were obtained.

scholarly journals The Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon and Its Effects on Topsoil under Different Karst Landforms

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingfu Wang ◽  
Xianfei Huang ◽  
Jiwei Hu ◽  
Zhenming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Spatial Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Karst Landforms

Karst landforms are widely distributed in Guizhou Province, and the karst terrain is complex. To investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) in topsoil in different karst landforms, a total of 920 samples were taken from different karst landforms. The study areas, Puding, Xingyi, Guanling, Libo and Yinjiang in Guizhou Province, represent the karst plateau (KP), karst peak-cluster depression (KPCD), karst canyon (KC), karst virgin forest (KVF) and karst trough valley (KTV) landforms, respectively. The characteristics of the SOC contents in areas with different vegetation, land use and soil types under different karst landforms were analyzed. The dimensionality of the factors was reduced via principal component analysis, the relationships among SOC content and different factors were subjected to redundancy analysis, and the effects of the main impact factors on SOC were discussed. The results showed that there was a large discrepancy in the SOC contents in the topsoil layers among different types of karst landforms, the changes in the SOC content in the topsoil layer were highly variable, and the discrepancy in the upper soil layer was higher than that in the lower soil layer. The SOC contents in the 0–50 cm topsoil layers in different karst landforms were between 7.76 and 38.29 g·kg−1, the SOC content gradually decreased with increasing soil depth, and the descending order of the SOC contents in different karst landforms was KTV > KVF > KC > KPCD > KP.

A review of the impacts of land use change, climate zone, forest type and age on soil organic carbon and other soil quality indicators following afforestation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Guo ◽  
Mohamed Abdalla ◽  
Mikk Espenberg ◽  
Astley Hastings ◽  
Paul Hallett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Barren Land ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Climate Zone

&lt;p&gt;The main aim of this global review and systematic analysis was to investigate the impacts of previous land use system, climate zone and forest type and age on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), in the different soil layers (0-20, 20-60 and 60-100 cm), following afforestation. We collected 85 publications on SOC, TN and TP stock changes, covering di&amp;#64256;erent countries and climate zones. The data were classified into groups depending on these investigated parameters and analyzed using R version 3.6.1. We found that afforestation significantly increased SOC and TN stocks in the 0-20 and 20-60 soil layers, with values of 45% and 44% for SOC, 30% and 22% for TN, respectively, but had no impact on TP stock. Previous land use systems had the largest influence on SOC, TN and TP stocks, with greater accumulations on barren land compared to cropland and grassland. Climate zone influenced SOC, TN and TP stocks, with significant accumulations in the moist than in the dry climate zone. Afforestation with broadleaf deciduous and broadleaf evergreen forests led to greater SOC, TN and TP accumulations in each soil layer throughout the investigated profile (0-100 cm), compared to coniferous forests. Afforestation for &lt;20 years had significantly increased SOC and TN stocks only at the soil surface (0-20 cm) whilst afforestation for &amp;#8805; 20 years had significantly accumulated them up to 100 cm soil depth. TP stock did not change with the forest age, suggesting that it may become a limiting factor for carbon sequestration under the older-age forest. Following afforestation, the change of soil bulk density had inverse relationships with SOC or TN stocks changes but had no effect on TP stock change.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Updating species diversity of Colletotrichum, with a phylogenomic overview

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Liu ◽  
Z.Y. Ma ◽  
L.W. Hou ◽  
Y.Z. Diao ◽  
W.P. Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Backbone Tree ◽  
The Uk

The genus Colletotrichum includes important plant pathogens, endophytes, saprobes and human pathogens. Even though the polyphasic approach has facilitated Colletotrichum species identification, knowledge of the overall species diversity and host distribution is largely incomplete. To address this, we examined 952 Colletotrichum strains isolated from plants representing 322 species from 248 genera, or air and soil samples, from 87 locations in China, as well as 56 strains from Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Turkey, and the UK. Based on morphological characteristics and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses, the strains were assigned to 107 species, including 30 new species described in this paper and 18 new records for China. The currently most comprehensive backbone tree of Colletotrichum, comprising 16 species complexes (including a newly introduced C. bambusicola species complex) and 15 singleton species, is provided. Based on these analyses, 280 species with available molecular data are accepted in this genus, of which 139 have been reported in China, accounting for 49.6 % of the species. Colletotrichum siamense, C. karsti, C. fructicola, C. truncatum, C. fioriniae, and C. gloeosporioides were the most commonly detected species in China, as well as the species with the broadest host range. By contrast, 76 species were currently found to be associated with a single plant species or genus in China. To date, 33 Colletotrichum species have been exclusively reported as endophytes. Furthermore, we generated and assembled whole-genome sequences of the 30 new and a further 18 known species. The most comprehensive genome tree comprising 94 Colletotrichum species based on 1 893 single-copy orthologous genes was hence generated, with all nodes, except four, supported by 100 % bootstrap values. Collectively, this study represents the most comprehensive investigation of Colletotrichum diversity and host occurrence to date, and greatly enhances our understanding of the diversity and phylogenetic relationships in this genus.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Glomalin-related Soil Proteins in Coniferous and Broadleaf mixed Temperate Forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1087-1093
Author(s):  
Yongming WANG ◽  
Chunhua JI ◽  
Zhaoyong SHI ◽  
Xubin YIN ◽  
Chenzhou LIU
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Digital Object Identifier ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
Soil Layers

Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), as an important component of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool, is a glycoprotein produced by the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which play a vital role in carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystem. Here we investigated the spatial distribution of GRSP in plant community of the dominated species not associated with AMF based on a typical coniferous and broad-leaved temperate forest in Mt. Changbai, Northeastern China. Spatial distribution of GRSP including easily extractable GRSP (EEG) and total GRSP (TG) is represented by Moran’s I on different soil depth among seven soil layers of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, 30-50 cm, 50-70 cm and 70-100 cm. The concentrations of EEG and TG decreased with the increase of soil depth according to a logarithmic function. The Moran’s I coefficient of GRSP was negative in all soil layers except TG in 20-30 cm and 50-70 cm soil layers. When EEG and TG were considered, the Moran’s I coefficient was positive in majority of soil layers within the separation distance of less than 4 m but in soil layers of 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm for EEG and in 30-50 cm for TG. The largest Moran’s I coefficient including EEG and TG was observed in the soil layer of 5-10 cm. The spatial distribution of GRSP was discrete in typical coniferous and broad-leaved temperate forest, and was affected by mycorrhizal colonization rate, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen.   ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

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