scholarly journals Debt Market Trends and Predictors of Specialization: An Analysis of Pakistani Corporate Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Kanwal Iqbal Khan ◽  
Faisal Qadeer ◽  
Mário Nuno Mata ◽  
Rui Miguel Dantas ◽  
João Xavier Rita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Credit Rating ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Debt Structure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Debt Market ◽  
Financing Choice ◽  
Strategic Perspective ◽  
Structure Research

Recently, debt structure research has started focusing on the strategic perspective of financing choices, particularly to understand the reasons for debt specialization (DS). This paper examines trends of specialization over time and industry by using a comprehensive dataset on types of debt employed by the public limited companies during 2009–2018. The objective of the current study is to analyze the effect of debt market conditions by identifying significant predictors of DS. Time-series and cross-sectional results confirm the existence of DS, which is further validated by the findings of the cluster analysis. The empirical results indicate that overall, 61% of the companies solely rely on a single type of debt, mostly on short-term obligations accompanied by long-term secured and other debts. Moreover, small, mature, rated, group-affiliated, and low-leverage companies incline more towards this strategy. Credit rating, debt maturity, financial and interest coverage ratios serve as the primary determinants of the debt market that are significantly associated with the measures of DS. The results contribute to the capital structure literature by specifying that financing choice has an important implication in deciding the debt structure composition of the organizations.

scholarly journals The extent of debt financing within state-owned corporations in Kenya

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 895-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah Odhiambo Nyamita ◽  
Nirmala Dorasamy ◽  
Hari Lall Garbharran
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Agency Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
Debt Financing ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Sector Reforms

The public sector reforms’ programme in Kenya, has witnessed five state-owned corporations being privatised, and several more, from hotels to banks, have been scheduled to be privatised. However, many of Kenya’s state-owned corporations are in considerable debt, which reduce their value in the process of privatisation. This study attempted to determine the extent and the theory suitable for explaining debt-financing within the state-owned corporations in Kenya from 2007 to 2011. The study applied both descriptive statistics and a hybrid of cross sectional and longitudinal quantitative surveys. The results observed some level of stability on the aggregate long-term debt ratios, with minimal use of stock market instruments, which implied the application of the agency theory.

scholarly journals The Risk of Infection Human Papilloma Virus Infection in Acceptors of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Contraceptions

2018 ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Baharuddin Aras ◽  
Mardiah Tahir ◽  
Sharvianty Arifuddin ◽  
Eddy Hartono ◽  
Maisuri T. Chalid
Keyword(s):  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ◽  
Human Papilloma Virus Infection ◽  
Cervical Cytology ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hpv 16 ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
The Public ◽  
Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

Objective: Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer inwomen around the world and the most common cancer in womencausing death. This study aims to analyze the connection betweeninfection of human papilloma virus (HPV) 16/18 and cervicalchanges in the acceptors of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate(DMPA) Contraceptions and nonacceptors of Depot MedroxyprogesteroneAcetate (DMPA) Contraceptions.Methods: The research was conducted at the Public ServiceInstitution of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo hospital, and privatemidwife clinics for seven months from December 2015 to June 2016.The research design is cross-sectional with. The samples were fortyacceptors of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) and fortynon-acceptors of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA)contraception. Prevalence of HPV 16/18 and cervical cytologychanges were examine using the polymerase chain reaction andliquid base cervical cytology.Results: The results showed there was no significant relationshipbetween long-term use of DMPA contraceptives with HPV 16 and 18.There was no significant relationship between long-term use ofDMPA contraceptives with cervical cytology changes. There was nosignificant relationship between HPV 16 and 18 infections with theoccurrence of cervical cytology changes in long-term use of DMPAcontraceptives.Conclusion: The long-term use of DMPA contraceptive does notincrease the risk of HPV 16 and 18 infections. Also does not causecervical cytology changes that lead to cervical malignancy.Keywords: cervical cytology changes, Depot MedroxyprogesteroneAcetate (DMPA) contraception, HPV 16/18 infection

scholarly journals KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES ABOUT CONTRACEPTIVE AMONG REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP FEMALES

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunita Kumari Beer ◽  
Sapna Aseri
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Contraceptive Usage ◽  
Voluntary Basis ◽  
Populous Country ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

Background: India is the second most populous country in the world having a rapidly growing population which is currently increasing at the rate of 16 million each year. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on females between 15-45 years served as inclusion criteria, while unmarried females were excluded. The women interviewed were informed of the study and consent was taken. The participation was on voluntary basis. Questions regarding factors responsible for non use of contraception were also asked. Results: Out of 100 women, 68 (68.00%) had knowledge about family planning. 63.00% knew about condom, followed by OCPs & other methods. Contraceptive usage in our study was 62.00%. Conclusions: Effort should be made to educate the public about the safety and convenience of modern, long term, reversible methods of contraception among both in health care professional and public. Keyword: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Contraception

Foreign Institutional Ownership and the Choice between Public and Private Debt

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinshuai Hu ◽  
Albert Kwame Mensah ◽  
Albert Tsang
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Institutional Ownership ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Private Debt ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
New Public ◽  
Accruals Quality ◽  
Debt Market

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to examine the role of foreign institutional investors (FIIs) in firms' choice of debt. Using a large sample of firms from 40 countries, we find that FIIs are positively associated with the propensity of firms to access the public debt market and the subsequent issuance of new public debt. In contrast, we find no relationship between domestic institutional ownership and public debt. Our results are robust to various specifications, including a 2SLS regression model, a change model, a Heckman two-stage model and propensity score matching model, and a quasi-natural experiment using the exogenous relaxation of foreign equity restrictiveness. Cross-sectional tests further show that findings are stronger for firms with poorer accruals quality, with higher levels of information asymmetry, and firms domiciled in countries with weaker creditor protection. Collectively, our findings suggest that FIIs play a vital role in facilitating firms' public debt financing.

scholarly journals KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ABOUT CONTRACEPTIVE AMONG REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP FEMALES IN BIKANER, RAJASTHAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
National Development ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Populous Country ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

Background- India is the second most populous country in the world having a rapidly growing population which is currently increasing at the rate of 16 million each year. Uncontrolled population growth is recognised as the single most important impediment to national development. Methods- A cross sectional study was conducted on females between 15-45 years served as inclusion criteria, while unmarried females were excluded. The women interviewed were informed of the study and consent was taken. Results- A total of 100 married females of reproductive age were enrolled in the study. The study shows, mean age of respondent was 29.2 ± 8.6years. Out of 100 women, 62 (62.00%) had knowledge about family planning. 62.00% respondent thought that contraceptives were used to prevent pregnancy and about 13.00% thought that they could be used to prevent infections like AIDS. Only 9.00% thought that they could be used to control birth interval. Conclusions- Effort should be made to educate the public about the safety and convenience of modern, long term, reversible methods of contraception among both in health care professional and public. Keyword: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Contraception

scholarly journals Financial Companies in Latvia: Why are they Coming to the Bond Market?

2019 ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
Natalja Tocelovska ◽  
Biruta Sloka ◽  
Karlis Purmalis
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Bond Market ◽  
Corporate Bond ◽  
Corporate Bond Market ◽  
The Public ◽  
Bond Issues ◽  
Debt Market ◽  
To Come ◽  
Depth Interviews

In the period 2013-2017 Latvian corporate bond market had experienced the abrupt growth of the number of public Latvian corporate bond issues outstanding. The base of the expansion was formed by the financing activity of Latvian financial sector issuers (FSIs) with their weight in the pool of corporate bond issues listed in Nasdaq Riga at 85%. In 2019, FSIs remain the main issuer in Latvian corporate bond market (64% of the number of issues (Nasdaq Baltic, 2019)). The financing needs and preferences of the FSIs not only shape the segment profitability but also build Latvian corporate bond market sustainability. Academic papers provide broad motivation for corporate debt issuing: an efficient competition to bank funding, long-term financing, improvement of the cash flow by decreasing the cost of debt, optimization of the financial structure, and efficient ownership structure. The existing academic research is modest on the analysis of the FSI segment as the issuer segment in the debt market where academics do analyse the corporate bonds issuance by the FSIs where motivating factors stimulating FSIs to come to the public debt market are seldom separated while size and characteristics of the issuers are mostly scrutinised. The aim of this article is to analyse the determinant of the development of the FSI segment of the corporate bond market in Latvia by defining the factors stimulating the bond issuing decision as made by the FSI segment. This article provides primary data analysis of both survey and in-depth interviews with Latvian FSI segment representatives run in the period June-August 2017. The results of the analysis indicate that bank borrowing is not treated as the funding alternative for FSIs where issuing debt and equity funding are the recognised funding sources of the FSI segment. The growing role of the peer-to-peer platform financing is recognised and will further influence the FSI segment alternative financing. The main factors motivating FSIs to come to the debt market are reputation a company gets as the result of the bond issue, strategical ambition to be present in the public market, cost of funding in the long-term (more than 3 years). The methods used in this article are scientific publication analysis, document analysis, expert survey, in-depth interviews, and statistical data analysis.

scholarly journals KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES ABOUT CONTRACEPTIVE AMONG REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP FEMALES

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Shiv Charan Meena ◽  
Dr. Raghvendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Voluntary Basis ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

Background: Aim of current study was to assess the knowledge, attitude & practices of contraceptives among married women of reproductive age group. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on females between 18-49 years served as inclusion criteria, while unmarried females were excluded. The women interviewed were informed of the study and consent was taken. The participation was on voluntary basis. Questions regarding factors responsible for non use of contraception were also asked. Results: Out of 1000 women, 690 (69.00%) had knowledge about family planning. 61.00% knew about condom, followed by OCPs & other methods. Conclusions: Effort should be made to educate the public about the safety and convenience of modern, long term, reversible methods of contraception among both in health care professional and public. Keyword: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Contraception

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Interventions That Reduce Family and Friend Caregiving Time

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 350-350
Author(s):  
Zachary Baker ◽  
Eric Jutkowitz ◽  
Joseph Gaugler
Keyword(s):  
Case Management ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Family Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Care Gap ◽  
The Public ◽  
Care Recipients ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Abstract The decreasing number of family/friend caregivers available to help the rising number of older adults is creating a critical family care gap. For this reason, there is a growing need for interventions that reduce family/friend caregiving time. We systematically reviewed five electronic databases to identify randomized trials, case control, quasi-experimental, and cross-sectional studies that evaluated a modifiable element that could be targeted for interventions with care recipients 65+ and/or their family/friend caregivers and reported on an outcome of time spent caregiving. We excluded studies without a comparison, broadly defined. The initial search included 1,812 unique records. Following abstract and title screening 311 full-texts were reviewed. Fifty-five studies published between the years of 1990 and 2019 met inclusion criteria. Studies predominantly focused on care recipients with dementia (58%) and were largely conducted in western countries (91%). The categories of interventions reviewed included pharmaceuticals (25%), public long-term care financing (7%), case management (7%), care setting (16%), technology (7%), multi-component interventions (9%), skills building (15%), additional formal expertise/care (9%), and other (5%), with one study falling into multiple categories. Pharmaceuticals, case management, care setting, and multi-component interventions demonstrated promising evidence to reduce family/friend caregiving time. Methodologically, studies were inconsistent in measurement and ascertainment of caregiving time. Given the public health concerns of reduced availability of family/friend caregivers for older persons in the upcoming decades, caregiving interventions should consider measurements of caregiving time as key outcomes.

scholarly journals The effect of long-term care public benefits and insurance on informal care from outside the household: empirical evidence from Italy and Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1131-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Courbage ◽  
Guillem Montoliu-Montes ◽  
Joël Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Informal Care ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Term Care ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract This article uses cross-sectional data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) database to test the effect of both long-term care (LTC) public benefits and insurance on the receipt of informal care provided by family members living outside the household in Italy and Spain. The choice of Italy and Spain comes from the fact that informal care is rather similar in these two countries while their respective public LTC financing systems are different. Our results support the hypothesis of LTC public support decreasing the receipt of informal care for Spain while reject it for Italy. They tend to confirm that the effect of public benefits on informal care depends on the typology of public coverage for LTC whereby access to proportional benefits negatively influences informal care receipt while access to cash benefits exerts a positive effect. Our results also suggest that private LTC insurance complements the public LTC financing system in place.

scholarly journals Core Predictors of Debt Specialization: A New Insight to Optimal Capital Structure

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 975
Author(s):  
Kanwal Iqbal Khan ◽  
Faisal Qadeer ◽  
Mário Nuno Mata ◽  
José Chavaglia Neto ◽  
Qurat ul An Sabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Agency Conflicts ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Debt Structure ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Good Market

Debt structure composition is an essential topic of discussion for the management of capital structure decisions. Researchers made extensive efforts to understand the criteria for selecting debts, specifically, to know about the reasons for debt specialization, concealed in identifying its predictors. This question is essential not only for establishing the field of debt structure but also for the financial managers to design corporate financial strategy in a way that leads to attaining an optimal debt structure. Sophisticated financial modeling is applied to identify the core predictors of debt specialization, influencing the strategic choices of optimal debt structure to address this issue. Data were collected from 419 non-financial companies listed at the Karachi Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2015. This study has validated debt specialization by showing that short-term debts maintain their position over the years and remain the most popular type of loan among Pakistani firms. Further, it provides a comprehensive view of the cross-sectional differences among the firms involved in debt specialization by applying a holistic approach. Results show that small, growing, dividend-paying companies, having high expense and risk ratios, followed the debt specialization strategy. This strategy enables firms to reduce their agency conflicts, transaction costs, information asymmetry, risk management and building up their good market reputation. Conclusively, we have identified the gross profit margin, long-term debt to asset ratio, firm size, age, asset tangibility, and long-term industry debt to asset ratio as reliable and core predictors of debt specialization for sustainable business growth.

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