scholarly journals Equation for Calculating Evapotranspiration of Technical Soils for Urban Planting

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 622
Author(s):  
Oliver Weiss ◽  
Pia Minixhofer ◽  
Bernhard Scharf ◽  
Ulrike Pitha
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Condition ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Test Series ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Load Cells ◽  
Evapotranspiration Rate ◽  
Rainwater Management ◽  
Urban Planting

Equations for calculating evapotranspiration in technical soils show great differences regarding their results. Causes are the different climatic conditions and vegetation specifics during their development. Every equation of evapotranspiration only delivers 100% correct results if it is used under the same climatic condition as it was developed in. To determine the evapotranspiration, the loss of weight of different technical soils and plants was measured in a test series on load cells in a climate chamber. The result of these test series is the development of an easy-to-use equation. An equation for calculating evapotranspiration at any temperature is possible while using a polynomial correlation. To determine the evapotranspiration rate (in mm/m² per 24 h), only temperature, vegetation type, and technical soil have to be defined to obtain an output of evapotranspiration in mm/day. Using the well-known equation by Makkink, evapotranspiration in technical soils is 0.12 mm/day, whereas the newly developed equation calculates (1) 2.59–5.58 mm/day for the variant with no vegetation, (2) 3.15–4.00 mm/day for Sedum floriferum, (3) 4.40–4.55 mm/day for Geranium x cantabrigiense. The application of this equation will help to determine the evapotranspiration in chosen technical soils (used in the sector of rainwater management) with or without vegetation.

scholarly journals Soil carbon response to land-use change: Evaluation of a global vegetation model using meta-data

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia S. Nyawira ◽  
Julia E. M. S. Nabel ◽  
Axel Don ◽  
Victor Brovkin ◽  
Julia Pongratz
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Meta Data ◽  
Vegetation Models ◽  
Global Vegetation

Abstract. Global model estimates of soil carbon changes from past land-use changes remain uncertain. We develop an approach for evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) against existing observational meta-data on soil carbon changes following land-use change. Using the DGVM JSBACH, we perform idealized simulations where the entire globe is covered by one vegetation type, which then undergoes a land-use change to another vegetation type. We select the grid cells that represent the climatic conditions of the meta-data and compare the mean simulated soil carbon changes to the meta-data. Our simulated results show model agreement with the meta-data on the direction of changes in soil carbon for some, but not all land-use changes, while the magnitude of simulated changes is smaller than in the meta-data. The conversion of crop to forest results in soil carbon gain of 10 % and that of forest to crop to a loss of −15 % compared to a gain of 42 % and loss of −40 %, respectively, in the meta-data. However, the conversion of crop to grass results in a small soil carbon loss (−4 %), while the meta-data indicate a gain in soil carbon of 38 %. These model deviations from the meta-data are substantially reduced by explicitly accounting for crop harvesting and switching off burning in grasslands in the model. We conclude that our idealized simulation approach provides an appropriate framework for evaluating DGVMs against meta-data and that this evaluation helps to identify the causes of deviation of simulated soil carbon changes from the meta-data.

scholarly journals Landscape habitat occupancy and distribution of the Wild Ground Pangolin (Smutsia temminckii) in Zimbabwe’s Protected Areas (PAs)

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-111
Author(s):  
Mahakata Innocent ◽  
Gonhi Prudence ◽  
Matindike Spencer ◽  
Masumba Yvonne ◽  
Hungwe Christopher
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Services Research ◽  
Habitat Occupancy ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Online Sources ◽  
Unique Species

The Smutsia temminckii is the only species of pangolin known to exist in Zimbabwe and is considered vulnerable under the IUCN Red List of threatened species. Distribution of wild S. temminckii in protected areas (PAs) and associated environmental variables are not well defined in Zimbabwe. The study sort to relate key environmental variables (Altitude, rainfall, temperature and vegetation type) to habitat occupancy and distribution of S. temminckii. Data was collected from forty-eight stations based on S.temminckii sightings historical records spanning ten years (2011-2021) done by field rangers, tourists and scientific services research personnel. A review of available literature was done from online sources and station records. A distribution map based on S. temminckii sightings across various PAs in Zimbabwe was developed for this study. Results of this study reveal that S. temminckii occupy PAs in South East low-veld areas, Northwestern Zimbabwe, Mid Zambezi Valley and Nyanga NP. No historical data on S. temminckii sighting in central PAs located in ecological regions IIa, IIb and III of Zimbabwe. Climatic conditions associated with S. temminckii distribution, except for Nyanga NP, are average temperatures above 220C and rainfall between 400mm to 900mm per annum. Landscapes ideal for S. temminckii habitat occupancy have an altitude between 262m-2000m above sea level. Associated vegetation types for habitat occupancy of S. temminckii are the Zambezian and mopane woodlands as well as montane forest grasslands mosaic of Nyanga NP. Future studies should focus on establishing distribution of S. temminckii outside PA, population status and density to inform conservation of this rare and unique species around Zimbabwe.

scholarly journals Modelling water flow and seasonal soil moisture dynamics in analluvial groundwater-fed wetland

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Joris ◽  
J. Feyen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Internal Flow ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Riparian Wetlands ◽  
Riparian Wetland ◽  
Model Calculations

Abstract. Complex interactions occur in riparian wetlands between groundwater, surface water and climatic conditions. Knowledge of the hydrology of these systems is necessary to understand their functioning and their value and models are a useful and probably essential tool to capture their hydrological complexity. In this study, a 2D-model describing saturated-unsaturated water flow is applied to a transect through a groundwater-fed riparian wetland located along the middle reach of the river Dijle. The transect has high levees close to the river and a depression further into the floodplain. Scaling factors are introduced to describe the variability of soil hydraulic properties along the transect. Preliminary model calculations for one year show a good agreement between model calculations and measurements and demonstrate the capability of the model to capture the internal groundwater dynamics. Seasonal variations in soil moisture are reproduced well by the model thus translating external hydrological boundary conditions to root zone conditions. The model proves to be a promising tool for assessing effects of changes in hydrological boundary conditions on vegetation type distribution and to gain more insight in the highly variable internal flow processes of riparian wetlands. Keywords: riparian wetland,eco-hydrology, upward seepage, floodplain hydrology

Durability of FRC-Materials

1990 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Stoklund Larsen ◽  
Herbert Krenchel
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Fracture Energy ◽  
Steel Fibre ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Test Series ◽  
Fibre Reinforcement ◽  
Sisal Fibre ◽  
Building Research Institute ◽  
Asbestos Cement

AbstractAsbestos cement was the first type of FRC-material that was ever made. It consisted of neat, hardened Portland cement reinforced with asbestos fibres (Vt - 7 vol-%). The most outstanding and valuable property of a high quality asbestos cement was the highly improved durability of this composite material in comparison to what would have been the case, if no fibres had been added or the fibre reinforcement of this extremely brittle matrix had been carried out incorrectly.This paper describes an analysis of the variation in time of the fracture energy, GF, of different types of FRC-material exposed to various climatic conditions.The following types of fibres were examined: steel fibre, ar-glass fibre, synthetic fibre (polypropylene) and natural fibre (sisal fibre and paper pulp cellulose).The climatic exposure conditions were natural out-door weathering or laboratory tests in a special weather-o-meter. Three test series were carried out at the Danish Building Research Institute. The results from these tests have been compared to results from five test series taken from the literature (ar-glass-, steel-, polypropylen-, sisal-fibres and neat concrete).It is concluded that natural and glass fibres are losing strength and ductility in a cementitious matrix. This results in a drastically reduced fracture energy of the composite material over the years. In the worst cases practically no fibre effect is left after some ten years of normal out-door exposure.For the best types of fibres examined (steel fibre, high tenacity, high bond polypropylene and combinations of these two types) the ductility and fracture energy of the composites are increasing significantly even after very long time of exposure.

scholarly journals A Machine Learning-Based Approach for Wildfire Susceptibility Mapping. The Case Study of the Liguria Region in Italy

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marj Tonini ◽  
Mirko D’Andrea ◽  
Guido Biondi ◽  
Silvia Degli Esposti ◽  
Andrea Trucchia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Susceptibility Map ◽  
Susceptibility Maps ◽  
A Site ◽  
Wildfire Susceptibility

Wildfire susceptibility maps display the spatial probability of an area to burn in the future, based solely on the intrinsic local proprieties of a site. Current studies in this field often rely on statistical models, often improved by expert knowledge for data retrieving and processing. In the last few years, machine learning algorithms have proven to be successful in this domain, thanks to their capability of learning from data through the modeling of hidden relationships. In the present study, authors introduce an approach based on random forests, allowing elaborating a wildfire susceptibility map for the Liguria region in Italy. This region is highly affected by wildfires due to the dense and heterogeneous vegetation, with more than 70% of its surface covered by forests, and due to the favorable climatic conditions. Susceptibility was assessed by considering the dataset of the mapped fire perimeters, spanning a 21-year period (1997–2017) and different geo-environmental predisposing factors (i.e., land cover, vegetation type, road network, altitude, and derivatives). One main objective was to compare different models in order to evaluate the effect of: (i) including or excluding the neighboring vegetation type as additional predisposing factors and (ii) using an increasing number of folds in the spatial-cross validation procedure. Susceptibility maps for the two fire seasons were finally elaborated and validated. Results highlighted the capacity of the proposed approach to identify areas that could be affected by wildfires in the near future, as well as its goodness in assessing the efficiency of fire-fighting activities.

scholarly journals Three millennia of vegetation and environmental dynamics in the Lagunas de Mojanda region, northern Ecuador

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Villota ◽  
Hermann Behling ◽  
Susana León-Yánez
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climate Dynamics ◽  
Peat Bog ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Vegetation Composition ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Vegetation And Climate ◽  
Montane Rainforest

AbstractThe pollen record from Lagunas de Mojanda, located at 3748 m a.s.l. (northern Ecuadorian Andes) reflects the vegetation and climate dynamics for the last ca 3400 cal yr BP. Páramo vegetation has been the main vegetation type since the beginning of the record. At Lagunas de Mojanda, from the last ca 3400 to 2200 cal yr BP, grass páramo was well represented mainly by Poaceae (40%) and the occurrence ofValeriana(5%), while montane forest taxa were poorly represented and subpáramo taxa were rare. The vegetation composition suggests cool and humid conditions. Between ca 2200 and ca 1300 cal yr BP, montane rainforest and subpáramo taxa had a higher presence but páramo taxa remained the main vegetation type in the study area, suggesting cool climatic conditions. From ca 1300 to ca 500 cal yr BP, páramo vegetation remained stable, with higher presence ofPhlegmariurusandIsoetes, suggesting cool and humid conditions. The last ca 500 cal yr BP generally show lower frequency of montane rainforest and subpáramo taxa. Páramo vegetation reached the highest share, with the presence of Poaceae,PlantagoandRanunculussuggesting a trend of peat bog drying. Fires were present during the whole record, perhaps human-caused, but the study area does not show great disturbance except from ca 1300 to 500 cal yr BP, a period of an evident higher influx of charcoal particles coincidentally with nearby ancient human occupation.

Assessment of the genetic diversity ofFrankiamicrosymbionts ofElaeagnus angustifoliaL. plants growing in a Tunisian date-palm oasis by analysis of PCR amplifiednifD-Kintergenic spacer

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maher Gtari ◽  
Daniele Daffonchio ◽  
Abdellatif Boudabous
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Condition ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Elaeagnus Angustifolia ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

Diversity of Frankia microsymbionts of non-native Elaeagnus angustifolia L. plants spontaneously growing in a Tunisian desertic retreat area, the date-palm oasis of Tozeur, was investigated by polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) and PCR-sequencing techniques targeting the nifD-K intergenic spacer. Three PCR–RFLP haplotypes (I, II, and III) were detected among collected nodules. Haplotype I was detected at all five sampling sites and dominated the other haplotypes present at these sites. This haplotype was also exhibited by strain BMG5.10, which was isolated by a plant-capturing assay in 1998 from soil collected in the same locality, qualifying it to be the most competitive haplotype in the edapho-climatic condition of the studied desertic date-palm oasis. nifD-K sequences of the three haplotypes formed a closely related phylogenetic subgroup. These results suggest that Frankia variability is constrained by severe edapho-climatic conditions of retreated desert in Tunisian area.

scholarly journals Irrigation scheduling strategies for pepper based on evaporation and reference evapotranspiration

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (51) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Borivoj Pejić ◽  
Ivana Bajić ◽  
Ksenija Mačkić ◽  
Dušanka Bugarski ◽  
Slobodan Vlajić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Evapotranspiration Rate ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Novi Sad

The experiment with drip irrigated pepper was conducted at the Rimski Šančevi experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad in 2019. The irrigation was scheduled on the basis of the water balance method. Two methods were used to compute the daily evapotranspiration of pepper (ETd): reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and evaporation from an open water surface (Eo). Crop coefficients (kc) and corrective coefficients (k) were used to convert ETo and Eo values into ETd. Kc and k were 0.3-0.4, 0.6-0.7, 0.9-1.1, 0.8-0.9 and 0.4, 0.7, 1.0 and 0.8 for initial stage, crop development, mid season, and late season, respectively. ETo was calculated by the Hargreaves equation. Eo values were measured by a Class-A pan located at a meteorological station near the experimental plot. Irrigation started when readily available water (RAW) in the 0.3 m soil layer was completely absorbed by plants. Differences in crop yield (Y) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) obtained using Eo (42.58 t ha-1, 15.20 kg m-3) and ETo (40.78 t ha-1, 14.56 kg m-3) were not statistically different. Evapotranspiration rate was 364.2 mm and 337.3 mm in Eo and ETo variant, respectively. The fact that the differences in Y and IWUE between different calculations of ETd were not statistically significant indicates that both methods can be recommended for irrigation scheduling programs for pepper in the climatic conditions of the Vojvodina region. However, priority should be given to ETo due to the easy accessibility and reliability of data.

scholarly journals Using InVEST to evaluate water yield services in Shangri-La, Northwestern Yunnan, China

PeerJ ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. e12804
Author(s):  
Yuanhe Yu ◽  
Xingqi Sun ◽  
Jinliang Wang ◽  
Jianpeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Biophysical Parameters ◽  
Topographic Factors ◽  
Average Water

Water yield is an ecosystem service that is vital to not only human life, but also sustainable development of the social economy and ecosystem. This study used annual average precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, plant available water content, soil depth, biophysical parameters, Zhang parameter, and land use/land cover (LULC) as input data for the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Service Tradeoffs (InVEST) model to estimate the water yield of Shangri-La City from 1974 to 2015. The spatiotemporal variations and associated factors (precipitation, evapotranspiration, LULC, and topographic factors) in water yield ecosystem services were then analyzed. The result showed that: (1) The water yield of Shangri-La City decreases from north and south to the center and showed a temporal trend from 1974 to 2015 of an initial decrease followed by an increase. Areas of higher average water yield were mainly in Hutiaoxia Town, Jinjiang Town, and Shangjiang Township. (2) Areas of importance for water yield in the study area which need to be assigned priority protection were mainly concentrated in the west of Jiantang Town, in central Xiaozhongdian Town, in central Gezan Township, in northwestern Dongwang Township, and in Hutiaoxia Town. (3) Water yield was affected by precipitation, evapotranspiration, vegetation type, and topographic factors. Water yield was positively and negatively correlated with precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, respectively. The average water yield of shrubs exceeded that of meadows and forests. Terrain factors indirectly affected the ecosystem service functions of water yield by affecting precipitation and vegetation types. The model used in this study can provide references for relevant research in similar climatic conditions.

scholarly journals River Basin Hydrological Balance Evaluation in Term of the Land Use Change Impact

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Beáta Novotná ◽  
Ján Čimo ◽  
Branislav Chvíla ◽  
Gabriela Pozníková
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Change Effect ◽  
Dry Conditions

Abstract Assessment of the land use impact on the processes of water balance in the river basin should be an indispensable part of integrated river basins management. This paper compares climatic conditions occurring during the long-term period (1951-1980), following the situation immediately after dry conditions (1993-1999) and extremely rainy dates (2009-2012) with emphasis to estimate the runoff components in the Žitava river basin: the Obyce sub-catchment, situated in its upper part (74.5 km2) in the Slovak Republic. Modelling of the land use change effect on the total hydrology balance of the river basin characteristics was performed using the hydrological model WaSiM-ETH. The model was applied to evaluate the vegetation type influence and the water balance change in the presently mostly forested river basin (1), altering its replacement by the permanent grasses (2) and bushes (3), with emphasis to different total water balance characteristics change. The present state land use data were taken from the Corine Land Cover of the Slovak Republic. Model results show that actual evapotranspiration would decrease from -1.3% in case of bushes in 2009 up to -32.5% in case of grass in 2011. However, 13.3% rise was considered for bushes in 2010. Total annual discharge shows its increment in all observed changes from 5.9% for bushes in 2010 up to 65.3% for grass in 2012. Only in case of bushes in 2011 there was observed slight decrease of about -3.1%. Regarding the very expected land use change, especially in connection with the ongoing global climate change, the estimation of the hydrology balance components is of utmost significance.

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