scholarly journals Insecticidal and Antifungal Activities of Chemically-Characterized Essential Oils from the Leaves of Withania frutescens L.

Life ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
El Moussaoui Abdelfattah ◽  
Allali Aimad ◽  
Mohammed Bourhia ◽  
Khalid Chebbac ◽  
Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Significant Mortality

The current study was conducted to investigate antifungal and insecticidal activities of essential oil extracted from the Moroccan Withania frutescens L. (EOW), and their chemical composition was profiled. To achieve this goal, EOW was extracted by the hydro-distillation method and their phytochemical constituents were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses (GC-MS). Insecticidal activity was evaluated by use of four tests: contact toxicity, inhalation toxicity, and repellent tests. Antifungal activity was evaluated on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Ciceris (F. oxysporum) using different concentrations of EOW. GC/MS analysis revealed that EOW was rich in carvacrol (31.87%), thymol (30.08%), and camphor (9.13%). At a 1-µL/L dose, EOW exhibited mortality rates of 23.13 ± 1.07% and 24.41 ± 1.21% against Callosobruchus maculatus (C.maculatus) by inhalation and contact, respectively. Notably, EOW dose of 20 μL/L caused significant mortality rates of 95.1 ± 3.5% and 76.69 ± 1.71% by inhalation and contact, respectively. EOW exhibited an inhibitory effect on mycelial growth against the tested fungi F. oxysporum of 100% and 93.5 ± 1.1% for the 9 and 4.5 mg/mL doses, respectively. The reduced mycelial growth rate for F. oxysporum was recorded to be 0.3 ± 0.1 and 0.6 ± 0.1 mm/h for the EOW doses of 2.25 and 4.5 mg/mL, respectively. The outcome of the present work showed that EOW has a promising antifungal and insecticidal activity, and it can therefore be employed as a natural alternative insecticidal and mycocidal agent to replace the chemically-synthesized ones.

scholarly journals Laboratory Evaluation of Toxic and Repellent Properties of Dracaena arborea Against Sitophilus zeamais and Callosobruchus maculatus

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-156
Author(s):  
Ime Okon Udo
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Significant Mortality ◽  
Repellent Action

Laboratory evaluation of ethanolic extract of Dracaena arborea leaves partitioned between equal volumes of chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and n-butanol to obtain various fractions was carried out to assess contact toxicity on filter paper and by topical application, toxicity of extracts applied on grains and repellent action against Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.) and Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius on stored grains. Insects were exposed to both treated and untreated surfaces and mortality was scored at different times after treatment. Results obtained from the study showed the extract fractions causing significant mortality of both insects exposed to treatments. A contact toxicity of over 80% was recorded against zeamais from ethyl acetate fraction. Similarly, 100% mortality was recorded against C. maculatus from ethyl acetate fraction after 96 h of treatment. Results obtained from grain treatment produced a significant mortality of over 60% against C. maculatus from n-hexane fraction while the aqueous fraction significantly killed S. zeamais by over 15% compared with the control treatment. A strong repellent action was evoked against S. zeamais while moderate action was recorded against C. maculatus. An overall repellency of 40% and 24% was recorded from various extract fractions against S. zeamais and C. maculatus, respectively. The results obtained suggest a promising alternative to synthetic insecticides and the incorporation of arborea into storage pest management system is advised.  

scholarly journals Phytochemical Constituents and Insecticidal Efficacy of the Root and Leaf Powders of Mimosa diplotricha and Aspilia africana against Callosobruchus maculates (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-652
Author(s):  
O.O. Uyi ◽  
C.C. Udeogwu ◽  
J. Rotimi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Insecticidal Efficacy ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
High Level ◽  
Treatment Concentration

This study investigated the efficacy of the root and leaf powders of Aspilia africana and Mimosa diplotricha against the cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. Newly emerged adults of C. maculatus were exposed to grains treated with one of four treatments (powders: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g) of the two plants at different exposure period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Both A. africana and M. diplotricha exhibited a high level of mortality which was a function of treatment concentration and of exposure time. At 96 hours of exposure, 2 g of the root and leaf powders of A. africana caused 70% and 54% mortality respectively, in C. maculatus. When C. maculatus was exposed to 2 g for a 96-hour exposure, the root and leaf powders of M. diplotricha, however, resulted in 52% and 50% mortality respectively. Although powders from all four treatment types exhibited insecticidal activities by causing varying levels of mortality in C. maculatus, the highest death rate was caused by the root powder of A. africana. Qualitative analysis of the plants revealed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids and glycosides were present in the leaf extracts of A. africana and M. diplotricha. The moderately high insecticidal activity demonstrated by the root powders suggest that they hold more potential in the control of C. maculatus compared to the leaf powders. Keywords: Mimosa diplotricha, Aspilia africana, phytochemical constituents, Callosobruchus maculatus

scholarly journals Diffusible Compounds Produced by Hanseniaspora osmophila and Gluconobacter cerinus Help to Control the Causal Agents of Gray Rot and Summer Bunch Rot of Table Grapes

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 664
Author(s):  
Matías Olivera ◽  
Ninoska Delgado ◽  
Fabiola Cádiz ◽  
Natalia Riquelme ◽  
Iván Montenegro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Antifungal Compounds ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Dual Cultures ◽  
Bunch Rot ◽  
Direct Bioautography

Gray and summer bunch rot are important diseases of table grapes due to the high economic and environmental cost of their control with synthetic fungicides. The ability to produce antifungal compounds against the causal agents Botrytis, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Rhizopus of two microorganisms isolated from table grapes and identified as Hanseniaspora osmophila and Gluconobacter cerinus was evaluated. In dual cultures, both biocontrol agents (together and separately) inhibited in vitro mycelial growth of these pathogens. To identify the compounds responsible for the inhibitory effect, extractions were carried out with organic solvents from biocontrol agents separately. Through dual cultures with pathogens and pure extracts, only the hexane extract from H. osmophila showed an inhibitory effect against Botrytis cinerea. To further identify these compounds, the direct bioautography technique was used. This technique made it possible to determine the band displaying antifungal activity at Rf = 0.05–0.2. The compounds present in this band were identified by GC-MS and compared to the NIST library. The most abundant compounds, not previously reported, corresponded to alkanes, ketones, alcohols, and terpenoids. H. osmophila and G. cerinus have the potential to control the causal agents of gray and summer bunch rot of table grapes.

scholarly journals Perforation index assessment of cowpea seeds against cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae], infestation using Piper guineense

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayode David Ileke ◽  
Jacobs Mobolade Adesina ◽  
Luke Chinaru Nwosu ◽  
Abimbola Olagunju
Keyword(s):  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Assay ◽  
Piper Guineense ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Seed Extracts

Abstract Background Powders and extracts of Piper guineense seeds and leaves were assessed for insecticidal activities against Callosobruchus maculatus in the laboratory at temperature and relative humidity of 29.6 °C and 75.9%, respectively. Bioactive compounds in P. guineense leaves and seeds were also investigated. The powders were tested at rates 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g/20 g cowpea seeds while extracts were tested at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0%. Results Results of contact toxicity assay of the seed powder caused 100% adult mortality at 96 h post-treatment period whereas leaf powder evoked 90% adult mortality within the same period at concentration of 1.0 g/20 g cowpea seeds. Low adult emergence was observed on cowpea seeds treated with 1 g of seed powder with percentage adult emergence of 10.0% and inhibition rate (IR) of 97.5%. Beetle Perforation Index (BPI) obtained from treated cowpea seeds was significantly different (P < 0.05) from BPI of untreated seeds. Extracts of P. guineense seed were more toxic than seed powder. Piper guineense seed extract caused 87.5% adult mortality of C. maculatus while leaf extract caused 70.0% adult mortality within 24 h of infestation at concentration of 1%. Progeny development of C. maculatus was completely inhibited in cowpea treated with 2% and 3% leaf and seed extracts of P. guineense. β-Pinene was the most abundant active compound in P. guineense seed (55.6%) and leaf (48.4%). β-Phellandrene occurred 38.2% in seeds while Ocimene had the least value of 0.2% in seed and 0.5% in leaf. Conclusion The study showed that P. guineense seed powder and extracts were more effective than leaf powder and extract. Utilization of plant products as alternative to synthetic insecticides in protecting cowpea seeds against C. maculatus should be encouraged for enhanced food safety and security. Piper guineense is used as spice and medicine and interestingly safe for human use.

scholarly journals Induction of Soil Suppressiveness Against Rhizoctonia solani by Incorporation of Dried Plant Residues into Soil

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 1372-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Kasuya ◽  
Andriantsoa R. Olivier ◽  
Yoko Ota ◽  
Motoaki Tojo ◽  
Hitoshi Honjo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Volatile Substance ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Antagonistic Bacteria ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Soil Suppressiveness

Suppressive effects of soil amendment with residues of 12 cultivars of Brassica rapa on damping-off of sugar beet were evaluated in soils infested with Rhizoctonia solani. Residues of clover and peanut were tested as noncruciferous controls. The incidence of damping-off was significantly and consistently suppressed in the soils amended with residues of clover, peanut, and B. rapa subsp. rapifera ‘Saori’, but only the volatile substance produced from water-imbibed residue of cv. Saori exhibited a distinct inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of R. solani. Nonetheless, disease suppression in such residue-amended soils was diminished or nullified when antibacterial antibiotics were applied to the soils, suggesting that proliferation of antagonistic bacteria resident to the soils were responsible for disease suppression. When the seed (pericarps) colonized by R. solani in the infested soil without residues were replanted into the soils amended with such residues, damping-off was suppressed in all cases. In contrast, when seed that had been colonized by microorganisms in the soils containing the residues were replanted into the infested soil, damping-off was not suppressed. The evidence indicates that the laimosphere, but not the spermosphere, is the site for the antagonistic microbial interaction, which is the chief principle of soil suppressiveness against Rhizoctonia damping-off.

scholarly journals Fungicidal effect of silver nanoparticles on toxigenic fungi in cocoa

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1929-1936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Villamizar-Gallardo ◽  
Johann Faccelo Osma Cruz ◽  
Oscar Orlando Ortíz-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Inhibition Effect ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the microbicidal effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on potentially toxigenic fungi affecting cocoa (Theobroma cacao) crops. These fungi, isolated from diseased cocoa pods, were characterized phenotypically and genotypically. The microbicidal effect was assessed by measuring radial mycelial growth, in synthetic culture media, and at different AgNP concentrations in plant tissues. The inhibition effect was monitored in Petri dishes, and changes in fungal structures were observed through scanning electron microscopy. Two potentially toxigenic fungi were highly prevalent: Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium solani. The inhibition assays, performed in liquid and solid synthetic culture media, showed that AgNPs did not significantly affect the growth of these fungi, even at the highest concentration (100 ppm). By contrast, they showed a positive inhibitory effect in plant tissues, especially in the cortex, when infected with A. flavus, in which an 80 ppm dose completely inhibited fungal growth. However, once fungi have managed to penetrate inside the pods, their growth is unavoidable, and AgNP effect is reduced. On F. solani, the studied nanomaterial only induced some texture and pigmentation changes. The microbicidal effect of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles is greater in plant tissues than in culture media.

scholarly journals Antidiabetic Activity and Phytochemical Constituents of Syzygium cumini Seeds in Puducherry Region, South India

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (07) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kandan Prabakaran ◽  
Govindan Shanmugave
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
Syzygium Cumini ◽  
Characteristic Functional ◽  
Infrared Spectral ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent

Syzygium cumini is widely used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes in India. The present study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical bioactive compounds from Syzygium cumini seed extract and its invitro anti-diabetic activity. The phytochemical screening showed appreciable amount of flavonoid and steroid in the seed extract. The infrared spectral data obtained revealed the presence of characteristic functional groups of alcohol, hydroxyl, aldehydes, alkanes, alkenes, nitro compound and aliphatic amines etc. The extract exhibits the dose-dependent increase in the inhibitory effect on alphaamylase enzyme upto 95.4%. The result suggested that significant amount of flavonoid in Syzygium cumini seed is responsible for antidiabetic properties and it is further confirmed by higher intensity of alpha amylase inhibitory effect.

scholarly journals Mortality of Elderly Patients in Ontario after Hospital Admission for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason X Nie ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Ross EG Upshur
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
General Practitioner ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Family Physician ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Significant Mortality

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with significant mortality. It is currently the fourth leading cause of death in Canada and the world.OBJECTIVES: To describe the mortality of elderly patients in Ontario after hospital admission for COPD.METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Discharge Abstract Database from the Canadian Institute for Health Information. Patients aged 65 years and older who were admitted to hospital between 2001 and 2004 with primary discharge diagnoses labelled with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes 491, 492 and 496 were included in the study.RESULTS: Mortality rates were 8.81, 12.10, 14.53 and 27.72 per 100 COPD hospital admissions at 30, 60, 90 and 365 days after hospital discharge, respectively. Mortality also increased with age, and men had higher rates than women. No significant differences in mortality rates were found between different socioeconomic groups (P>0.05). Patients with shared care of a family physician or general practitioner and a specialist had significantly lower mortality rates than the overall rate (P<0.05), and their rates were approximately one-half the rate of patients with only one physician.CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization with COPD is associated with significant mortality. Patients who were cared for by both a family physician or general practitioner and a specialist had significantly lower mortality rates than those cared for by only one physician, suggesting that continuous and coordinated care results in better survival.

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