Laboratory Evaluation of Toxic and Repellent Properties of Dracaena arborea Against Sitophilus zeamais and Callosobruchus maculatus

Laboratory evaluation of ethanolic extract of Dracaena arborea leaves partitioned between equal volumes of chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and n-butanol to obtain various fractions was carried out to assess contact toxicity on filter paper and by topical application, toxicity of extracts applied on grains and repellent action against Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.) and Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius on stored grains. Insects were exposed to both treated and untreated surfaces and mortality was scored at different times after treatment. Results obtained from the study showed the extract fractions causing significant mortality of both insects exposed to treatments. A contact toxicity of over 80% was recorded against zeamais from ethyl acetate fraction. Similarly, 100% mortality was recorded against C. maculatus from ethyl acetate fraction after 96 h of treatment. Results obtained from grain treatment produced a significant mortality of over 60% against C. maculatus from n-hexane fraction while the aqueous fraction significantly killed S. zeamais by over 15% compared with the control treatment. A strong repellent action was evoked against S. zeamais while moderate action was recorded against C. maculatus. An overall repellency of 40% and 24% was recorded from various extract fractions against S. zeamais and C. maculatus, respectively. The results obtained suggest a promising alternative to synthetic insecticides and the incorporation of arborea into storage pest management system is advised.

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Comparative free radical scavenging and hypoglycemic activities of n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, and aqueous fractions of Azanza garckeana pulp

10.53858/arocnpr01020108 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Abubakar A. Yusuf ◽

Toheeb D. Yissa ◽

Abdulhakeem Rotimi Agboola ◽

Sodiq M Balogun ◽

Peter O. Adeboye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Hypoglycemic Effect ◽

Hexane Fraction ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Dpph Scavenging ◽

Glucose Reduction

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing on a global trend. The aim of the present study is to identify the most effective antioxidants and hypoglycemic fraction of Azanza garckeana. Methods: The fractions (nhexane or ethyl-acetate or aqueous) of A. garckeana were administered to the alloxan-induced diabetic rats at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg for 15 days. Antioxidants activities were evaluated at concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL using the DPPH scavenging assay. Results: Results revealed that both the hexane, ethyl-acetate, and aqueous fractions exhibited hypoglycemic and antioxidants activities in a dose-dependent manner. The n-hexane fraction demonstrated highest percentage DPPH scavenging effect of 26.34±3.43, 38.44±4.35, 59.34±3.45, and 74.83±5.35 at 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL respectively. The ethyl-acetate fraction demonstrated 19.33±2.98, 28.94±3.24, 47.34±2.90, and 57.82±4.54 respectively while the aqueous fraction exhibited the least activities of 12.45±23.45, 18.64±2.94, 27.94±3.89, and 39.43±3.89 at concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL respectively. In addition, the n-hexane fraction demonstrated the most significant hypoglycemic effect with the highest glucose reduction of 58.97 ±3.45 %, 63.86±5.35 %, and 66.51±4.35 %, ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated glucose reduction of 7.55±0.54%, 21.77±2.35 %, and 29.56±3.46 % while the aqueous fraction demonstrated the least hypoglycemic effect of 9.89±2.67 %, 18.09±3.45 %, and 18.87±3.24 at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg bw respectively. Conclusion: The n-hexane fraction of Azanza garckeana extract could serve as a reservoir of bioactive agents that could be useful for the development of a new anti-diabetic agent

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Insecticidal and Antifungal Activities of Chemically-Characterized Essential Oils from the Leaves of Withania frutescens L.

Life ◽

10.3390/life12010088 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 88

Author(s):

El Moussaoui Abdelfattah ◽

Allali Aimad ◽

Mohammed Bourhia ◽

Khalid Chebbac ◽

Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insecticidal Activity ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Contact Toxicity ◽

Inhalation Toxicity ◽

Phytochemical Constituents ◽

Significant Mortality

The current study was conducted to investigate antifungal and insecticidal activities of essential oil extracted from the Moroccan Withania frutescens L. (EOW), and their chemical composition was profiled. To achieve this goal, EOW was extracted by the hydro-distillation method and their phytochemical constituents were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses (GC-MS). Insecticidal activity was evaluated by use of four tests: contact toxicity, inhalation toxicity, and repellent tests. Antifungal activity was evaluated on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Ciceris (F. oxysporum) using different concentrations of EOW. GC/MS analysis revealed that EOW was rich in carvacrol (31.87%), thymol (30.08%), and camphor (9.13%). At a 1-µL/L dose, EOW exhibited mortality rates of 23.13 ± 1.07% and 24.41 ± 1.21% against Callosobruchus maculatus (C.maculatus) by inhalation and contact, respectively. Notably, EOW dose of 20 μL/L caused significant mortality rates of 95.1 ± 3.5% and 76.69 ± 1.71% by inhalation and contact, respectively. EOW exhibited an inhibitory effect on mycelial growth against the tested fungi F. oxysporum of 100% and 93.5 ± 1.1% for the 9 and 4.5 mg/mL doses, respectively. The reduced mycelial growth rate for F. oxysporum was recorded to be 0.3 ± 0.1 and 0.6 ± 0.1 mm/h for the EOW doses of 2.25 and 4.5 mg/mL, respectively. The outcome of the present work showed that EOW has a promising antifungal and insecticidal activity, and it can therefore be employed as a natural alternative insecticidal and mycocidal agent to replace the chemically-synthesized ones.

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Comparative phytotoxicity and chironomid toxicity assessments of leaf successive extract fractions of Asiatic poison bulb, Crinum asiaticum L

10.1101/2020.12.15.422968 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Souren Goswami ◽

Sanjib Ray

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Petroleum Ether ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Meristematic Tissue ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Extract Fraction ◽

Potent Growth ◽

Crinum Asiaticum

AbstractCrinum asiaticum is an evergreen bulbous perennial shrub of Amaryllidaceae family with ethnomedicinal importance and our earlier study described a comparative account antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the different solvent-mediated sequential extract fractions. The present study aimed to analyze their comparative account of induced phytotoxicity and chironomid toxicity. For phytotoxicity assessment, germination inhibition and seedling’s root and shoot growth retardation effects on Triticum aestivum and Cicer arietinum were analyzed and for lethal concentration determination, the freshwater bottom-dwelling first instars chironomid larvae were used. The crude aqueous, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts showed significant toxic effects on both meristematic tissue and aquatic midges. The phytotoxic assays indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction contains the most potent growth inhibitors, followed by the crude aqueous and petroleum ether fractions. The last aqueous fraction was found to be the least toxic, the highest LC50 and LT50 values and ethyl acetate extract fraction having highest toxicity. Thus the present study supplements to our earlier report, that indicated the last aqueous extract fraction of C. asiaticum has potent antioxidant and antibacterial potentials as well as its prospective use in livestock maintenance, as it is least toxic and the ethyl acetate extract, the most toxic fraction identified here, is needed to explore for pharmaceutical importance.

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Eupafolin and Ethyl Acetate Fraction ofKalanchoe gracilisStem Extract Show Potent Antiviral Activities against Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/591354 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ching-Ying Wang ◽

Shun-Chueh Huang ◽

Zhen-Rung Lai ◽

Yu-Ling Ho ◽

Yu-Jen Jou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Enterovirus 71 ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Coxsackievirus A16 ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Antiviral Activities ◽

Clinical Potential

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CoxA16) are main pathogens of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, occasionally causing aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in tropical and subtropical regions.Kalanchoe gracilis,Da-Huan-Hun, is a Chinese folk medicine for treating pain and inflammation, exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Our prior report (2012) citedK. gracilisleaf extract as moderately active against EV71 and CoxA16. This study further rates antienteroviral potential ofK. gracilisstem (KGS) extract to identify potent antiviral fractions and components. The extract moderately inhibits viral cytopathicity and virus yield, as well asin vitroreplication of EV71 (IC50= 75.18 μg/mL) and CoxA16 (IC50= 81.41 μg/mL). Ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of KGS extract showed greater antiviral activity than that ofn-butanol or aqueous fraction: IC50values of 4.21 μg/mL against EV71 and 9.08 μg/mL against CoxA16. HPLC analysis, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, and plaque reduction assay indicate that eupafolin is a vital component of EA fraction showing potent activity against EV71 (IC50= 1.39 μM) and CoxA16 (IC50= 5.24 μM). Eupafolin specifically lessened virus-induced upregulation of IL-6 and RANTES by inhibiting virus-induced ERK1/2, AP-1, and STAT3 signals. Anti-enteroviral potency of KGS EA fraction and eupafolin shows the clinical potential against EV71 and CoxA16 infection.

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Ethyl Acetate and Aqueous Fractions of Ziziphus jujuba Prevent Acute Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II in Rats

Cardiovascular & Haematological Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871529x19666191119141400 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 108-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yasamin Kamkar-Del ◽

Reza Mohebbati ◽

Mahmoud Hosseini ◽

Abolfazl Khajavirad ◽

Mohammad N. Shafei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Angiotensin Ii ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Polar Compound ◽

Acute Hypertension ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽

Cardiovascular Parameters ◽

Ziziphus Jujuba ◽

Nonpolar Compounds

Background: The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ziziphus jujuba (ZJ) on hypertension has been reported previously. Objective: This experiment investigates the effect of two ethyl acetate (EA, a polar and semi-polar compound) and aqueous fractions (AQ, a polar compound) of ZJ extract on cardiovascular parameters in acute hypertension induced by angiotensin II (AngII). Methods: Rats were randomly divided into following groups (n=7 in each group): 1) Control; 2) AngII (50 ng/kg); 3) Losartan (LOS, 30 mg/kg) + AngII; 4, 5) ethyl acetate fraction (EA150 and EA300 mg/kg) + AngII and 6, 7) aqueous fraction (AQ150 and AQ300 mg/kg) + AngII. Rats were treated with both fractions and LOS orally for four weeks and in the experiment day (28th) AngII intravenously injected and cardiovascular parameters (Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and Heart Rate (HR)) directly were recorded by a power lab system. Results: AngII could significantly increase SBP and MAP (P<0.001) and decrease HR with respect to the control and these responses were attenuated by LOS. The SBP and MAP in both doses of EA+ AngII and the higher dose of AQ fractions + AngII were significantly lower than the AngII group (P<0.05 to P<0.001). Bradycardia induced by AngII was also reduced by LOS and both fractions. The comparison of two fractions also showed that the effect of EA fraction is greater than the AQ. Conclusion: This study indicates that both fractions of the ZJ extract have a beneficial effect on hypertension. Because effect of EA was greater than AQ, we suggested that antihypertensive effects of ZJ mediated polar and nonpolar compounds.

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Calcium entry blocking activity of the Elaeagnus umbellata fruit extract explains its use in diarrhea and gut spasm

Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.3329/bjp.v11i3.26101 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 585 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nayyab Rafique ◽

Taous Khan ◽

Abdul Jabbar Shah

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Video Clip ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Response Curves ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Elaeagnus Umbellata ◽

High K ◽

Medicinal Use ◽

Rabbit Jejunum

This study was aimed to explore the pharmacological basis of potential medicinal use of Elaeagnus umbellata in gut disorders. Crude extract of E. umbellata, which was found positive for flavonoids, terpenoids and tannins, provided 9.9-71.9% protection in castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice, like verapamil. In isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, crude extract caused inhibition of spontaneous and high K+-induced contractions, with respective EC50 values of 0.3 (0.1-0.5) and 0.5 mg/mL, suggesting Ca++ channel blockade (CCB). Pretreatment of tissue with crude extract (0.1–1 mg/mL) caused a rightward shift in Ca++ concentration-response curves. With the exception of aqueous fraction, n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate inhibited spontaneous and high K+-induced contractions and displaced rightward Ca++ concentration-response curves. Extract was found safe up to 10 mg/kg in mice. Our data shows that anti-diarrheal effect of crude extract of E. umbellate is due to CCB-mediated spasmolytic effect, concentrated in the ethyl acetate fraction and suggests its medicinal importance in diarrhea and spasm.Video Clip<a href="https://youtube.com/v/Qo_y3ULC4E0">Isolation of rat jejunum</a>: 2 min 32 sec

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In vitro antidiabetic potentials, antioxidant activities and phytochemical profile of african black pepper (Piper guineense)

Clinical Phytoscience ◽

10.1186/s40816-020-00236-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

L. A. Sulaimon ◽

E. O. Anise ◽

E. M. Obuotor ◽

T. A. Samuel ◽

A. I. Moshood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Antidiabetic Activity ◽

Piper Guineense ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Butanol Fraction

Abstract Background Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of glucose metabolism and management of blood glucose level is the hallmark in the treatment of this disease. The present study investigated chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of different fractions of 80% methanol Piper guineense leaves extract. Materials and methods The crude methanolic extract of P. guineense was obtained following 80% methanol cold extraction and was successively partitioned with dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (nBuOH) and aqueous solvents to give four fractions. The chemical composition of the fractions from P. guineense was determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their potentials as antioxidant and anti-diabetes were evaluated. Results The percentage yields were 3.16, 2.22, 0.68 and 0.66% (w/w) in n-butanol, DCM, aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions of P. guineense methanolic extract, respectively. The GC-MS analyses identified a total of 71 and 34 phytochemicals in n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions respectively. Tributyl acetylcitrate (10.95%) and phytol (9.11%) were the major components in the n-butanol fraction while ethyl piperonyl cyanoacetate (27.35%) and phytol (15.17%) were the major constituents in the ethyl acetate fraction. Ethyl acetate fraction had the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power with a value of 53.96 ± 0.40 mgAAE/g while n-butanol fraction possessed highest total antioxidant power (9.98 ± 0.15) followed by aqueous fraction (9.72 ± 0.02). The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions with IC50 value of 0.24 ± 0.07 and 0.83 ± 0.15 μg/mL respectively elicited significant inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase while only n-butanol fraction (IC50 = 0.33 ± 0.09 μg/ml) exhibited appreciable inhibition against α-amylase activity. However, none of the four fractions showed significant inhibitory activity towards dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV. Conclusion n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of 80% methanol P. guineense leaves extract can be a potential source of bioactive compounds of pharmacological importance in the management of diabetes.

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In Vitro α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of the Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of Hagenia abyssinica Leaves

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/6652777 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Zemene Demelash Kifle ◽

Simachew Gidey Debeb ◽

Yaschilal Muche Belayneh

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Maximum Activity ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Water Fraction ◽

Hagenia Abyssinica

Background. The leaves of Hagenia abyssinica have been used in the management of diabetes mellitus in Ethiopian folk medicine. Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the crude extract and solvent fractions of H. abyssinica leaves. Methods. The in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the plant extract were assessed using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA), p-nitro-phenyl-a-D glucopyranoside (p-NPG), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. Each value of percent inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and DPPH scavenging effect was presented as means ± SEM ( n = 3 ). Results. The α-amylase inhibitory activity of the crude extract and solvent fractions was found to be concentration-dependent. The strongest activity was exhibited by the crude extract at the highest concentration with a percentage inhibition of 74.52% (IC50, 14.52 μg/ml) followed by water fraction 68.24% (IC50, 16.31 μg/ml), ethyl acetate fraction 61.57% (IC50, 18.73 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 56.87% (IC50, 21.57 μg/ml) of H. abyssinica leaves. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, the maximum activity was exhibited by the aqueous fraction 62.54% (IC50, 11.67 μg/ml) followed by ethyl acetate fraction 54.97% (IC50, 15.89 μg/ml), crude extract 46.79% (IC50, >16.5 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 36.44% (IC50, >16.5 μg/ml). In the antioxidant assay, the crude extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity 86.36% (IC50, 10.25 μg/ml) followed by water fraction 78.59% (IC50, 13.86 μg/ml), ethyl acetate fraction 71.58% (IC50, 16.34 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 63.65% (IC50, 18.83 μg/ml). Conclusion. This study has revealed that H. abyssinica leaves possess noticeable in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTIOXIDANT PROFILES OF BARK, LEAVES AND SEEDS OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI (INDIAN BLACKBERRY)

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i5.2015.3010 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 13-26

Author(s):

Rabbeya Haroon ◽

SeemalJelani ◽

FakihaKomal Arshad

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Flavonoid Content ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Three Samples ◽

Reducing Power Assay ◽

Radical Scavenging Properties

Syzygiumcumini plant is well known for its medicinal values. This study focuses on the comparative antioxidative capacity of bark, leaves and seeds of Syzygiumcumini plant.Several fractions were made from the crude methanolic extract of bark, leaves and seeds in n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol and aqueous.Leaves aqueous fraction showed highest phenolic content of 253.6 ± 0.025mg/mL while seed aqueous showed maximum flavonoid content of 0.732 ± 0.0005 mg/mL among all extracts. Bark Ethyl acetate fraction via reducing power assay showed absorbance 3.27 ± 0.19 abs and methanolic and Ethyl acetate fraction of leaves via phosphomolybdate assay showed maximum reducing strength of 15.97 ± 0.008 and 15.97 ± 0.037 mg/mL respectively among all. Seed Chloroform fraction showed maximum TEAC value of 6.28 whereas, Ethyl acetate leaves fraction has shown maximum DPPH inhibition. Where, Hexane fraction of bark showed maximum antioxidant consumption against peroxyl radical at 1.24 at 500 nm among all.The results of the assays showed that, in general, all the extracts of Syzygiumcuminiposses considerable antioxidant and radical scavenging properties, however, polar fractions of all three samples i.e., aqueous and ethyl acetate have exhibited a remarkable antioxidant behavior in all the antioxidant assays.

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ALLELOPATHIC ACTIVITY OF Amburana cearensis SEED EXTRACTS ON MELON EMERGENCE

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252020v33n130rc ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 274-280

Author(s):

ANDREYA KALYANA DE OLIVEIRA ◽

MARIA DE FATIMA BARBOSA COELHO ◽

FRANCISCO ESIO PORTO DIÓGENES

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Soil Seed Bank ◽

Statistical Design ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Hexane Fraction ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Initial Development ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Allelopathic Activity

ABSTRACT Amburana cearensis is a species rich in coumarin, a phenolic compound that is a natural inhibitor of the germination process. In Caatinga, this species occurs in areas where melons are cultivated, and even after deforestation, they may be present in the soil seed bank. The aim of this study was to investigate the allelopathic activity of A. cearensis aqueous seed extract fractions on the emergence of melons and to carry out photochemical analyses of the extracts. Four experiments were carried out based on the fractionation of the seed extract: E1 - hexane fraction, E2 - dichloromethane fraction, E3 - ethyl acetate fraction, and E4 - aqueous fraction. The statistical design was completely randomized, with four replicates, each having 20 seeds. The treatments were composed of different extract concentrations (1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, and 0%) and phytochemical prospecting of the extracts obtained during fractionation was performed. The extracts obtained from the hexane fraction affected the emergence and initial development of melon seedlings. The dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts had negative effects on the formation of dry matter, shoots, and roots, with the highest concentrations prompting the most negative effects. Coumarin was present in all extracts, but its concentration was highest in the hexane fraction, which was consequently characterized as highly phytotoxic during the bioassays.

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