BRIKET BIOMASSA DARI JERAMI PADI, SAMPAH DAUN DAN KOTORAN SAPI

Indonesia memiliki banyak limbah pertanian yang selama ini hanya dibiarkan atau dibakar begitu saja. Limbah pertanian yang merupakan biomassa mengandung selulosa cukup tinggi dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi terbarukan berupa briket. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik briket yang dibuat dari jerami padi, sampah daun dan kotoran sapi untuk dibandingkan dengan standar briket arang. Dalam penelitian ini dibuat briket dari bahan jerami padi, sampah daun dan kotoran sapi. Pembuatan briket biomassa dilakukan dengan teknik karbonisasi di dalam drum yang tertutup. Arang yang diperolah dihaluskan dan diayak 50 mesh selanjutnya ditambah bahan perekat berupa tapioka dengan perbandingan 7:1 dan sedikit air kemudian dicetak secara manual. Setelah dicetak, briket arang yang diperoleh dijemur dibawah sinar matahari selama 3 hari. Waktu terbentuknya arang dari berbagai jenis biomassa berbeda-beda, waktu optimum untuk bahan dari jerami padi 30 menit, sampah daun 60 menit dan 75 menit untuk kotoran sapi dengan rendemen masing-masing 24,39%, 29,03%, dan 26,26%. Briket yang dihasilkan dari biomassa jerami padi memiliki kadar air 5,9% kadar abu 8,02%, kadar zat mudah menguap 35,68%, kadar karbon terikat 37,48% dan nilai kalor 3000 kal/gr. Briket dari sampah daun memiliki kadar air 5,6%, kadar abu 8,02%, kadar zat mudah menguap 32,46%, kadar karbon terikat 40,55% dan nilai kalor 4600 kal/gr. Briket dari kotoran sapi memiliki kadar air 8,4%, kadar abu 8,32%, kadar zat mudah menguap 26,63%, kadar karbon terikat 50,66% dan nilai kalor 5200 kal/gr. Kata kunci: briket, jerami padi, kotoran sapi,nilai kalor, sampah daun. AbstractIndonesia has a lot of agricultural waste that has been left or burned. Agricultural waste containing high cellulose which to be used as a renewable energy source in the form of briquettes. This study aims to find out the characteristics of briquettes made from rice straw, leaf litter and cow dung to be compared to standard charcoal briquettes. In this study made briquettes from rice straw, leaf waste and cow dung. The manufacture of biomass briquettes was done by carbonization in a closed drum. The charcoal reduced in size in 50 mesh added tapioca adhesive in ratio of 7: 1 and a little water then formed to be briquettes manually. The charcoal briquettes obtained are dried in the sun for 3 days. The time for formation of charcoal from various types of biomass were varies, the optimum time for rice straw was 30 minutes, leaf waste was 60 minutes and 75 minutes for cow dung with yields of charcoal of rice straw was 24.39%, 29.03% for leaf waste and cow dung was 26.26%. Briquettes produced from biomass of rice straw have a water content of 5.9% ash content of 8.02%, a volatile substance content of 35.68%, a carbon-bound content of 37.48% and a heat value of 3000 cal/gr. Briquettes from leaf litter have a water content of 5.6%, ash content of 8.02%, a volatile substance content of 32.46%, a carbon-bound content of 40.55% and a heat value of 4600 cal/gr. Briquettes from cow dung have a water content of 8.4%, ash content of 8.32%, a volatile substance content of 26.63%, a carbon-bound content of 50.66% and a heat value of 5200 cal/gr. Keywords: briquettes, cow dung, heat value, leaf litter rice straw..

Volumetric Analysis

Volumetric Analysis describes the general process of quantifying acid-base reactions by titration in which the known concentration of one solution (often a standard solution) is used to determine the unknown concentration of another. Common terms are defined, and calculations involving acid-base titration based on the concept of reaction stoichiometry, number of moles, mole ratio and molarity are discussed. The treatment is then broadened to include calculations involving mass and percentage of substance titrated. Back (or indirect) titration, a method to determine the concentration of a volatile substance or an unknown solid that is insoluble or only partly soluble in water, is described. The Kjeldahl method of determining the nitrogen content in organic and inorganic samples is used to illustrate back titration.

Karakteristik Briket Biomassa dari Variasi Bahan Baku dan Persentase Perekat yang Berbeda

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa karakteristik dan pengaruh jenis bahan baku dan persentase perekat yang berbeda terhadap mutu briket biomassa yang dihasilkan dan menentukan perlakuan manakah yang memberikan hasil terbaik terhadap karakteristik briket yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dengan menggunakan 2 faktor dan 3 kali ulangan. Faktor pertama (A) adalah jenis bahan baku yang terdiri dari 3 taraf yaitu bambu tabah ( A1), sekam padi (A2) dan campuran bambu tabah dan sekam padi (A3). Faktor kedua (B) adalah persentase perekat yang terdiri dari 3 taraf yatu konsentrasi 10%, ( B1) 15% (B2) dan 20%(B3) . Parameter penelitian yang diamati adalah kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat menguap dan laju pembakaran. Seluruh perlakuan diulang sebanyak 3 kali ulangan sehingga didapatkan 27 unit percobaan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan sidik ragam dan apabila terdapat pengaruh perlakuan yang signifikan, maka dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan Multiple Test (DMRT). Berdasarakan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa, interaksi perlakuan memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap parameter kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat menguap dan laju pembakaran. Selanjutnya Kadar air yang didapat berkisar antar 2,30% bb - 4,78%,bb kadar abu 5,88% - 34,85%, kadar zat menguap 31,30% - 51,59% dan laju pembakaran 73,20 gr/menit – 106,00 gr/menit. Kualitas briket yang paling baik diperoleh pada perlakuan A2B3 (sekam 80 gram perekat 20 gram) dimana kadar air yang dihasilkan sebesar 2,30%bb, kadar abu 32,29%, kadar zat menguap 32,01% dan laju pembakarannya selama 92,60 gr/menit. ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze the characteristics and effects of different types of raw materials and adhesive percentages on the quality of the briquettes of the biomass produced and to determine which treatment gives the best results for the characteristics of the resulting briquettes. This study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) using 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor (A) is the type of raw material which consists of 3 levels, namely tabah bamboo (A1), rice husk (A2) and a mixture of tabah bamboo and rice husk (A3). The second factor (B) is the adhesive percentage consisting of 3 levels, namely 10% concentration, (B1) 15% (B2) and 20% (B3). The research parameters observed were moisture content, ash content, volatile substance content and combustion rate. All treatments were repeated 3 times in order to obtain 27 experimental units. The data obtained were analyzed using variance and if there was a significant treatment effect, it was followed by the Duncan Multiple Test (DMRT). Based on the results of the study, it is known that the treatment interaction has a significant effect on the parameters of moisture content, ash content, volatile substance content and combustion rate, then the moisture content obtained ranges from 2.30% bb - 4.78%, bb ash content 5, 88% - 34.85%, the volatile substance content was 31.30% - 51.59% and the combustion rate was 73.20 grams/minutes - 106.00 grams/minutes. The best quality of briquettes was obtained in A2B3 treatment (80 grams of rice husk 20 grams of adhesive) where the water content produced was 2.30%, the ash content was 32.29%, the vaporizing substance content was 32.01% and the burning rate was 92.60 grams. /minute.

A case of multiple trauma and lighter gas inhalation

The rate of volatile substance abuse is increasing among young people around the world. A 10-year-old boy was brought to the emergency room by the 112-emergency ambulance service due to fall from the roof of a four-storey building. His general medical condition was moderate-poor; his GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) was nine, blood pressure: 118/90 mmHg, heart rate: 98/min, O2 saturation was: 100%. Skin abrasions were present on his jaw and the occipital region of the scalp. The patient was accepted as a multiple trauma patient. When the patient's confusion did not resolve, the patient's father informed us that the child may have inhaled lighter gas. The patient was hospitalized at the pediatric ward and was discharged on the 14th day of admission as his symptoms completely improved. Clinicians should be alert with regard to acute and/or chronic end-organ damages in the cases of gas inhalation without any antidote.

Study on chemical pattern recognition of Phoebe bournei wood based on gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy

The object of this study is the wood of Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang. Firstly, the macroscopic and microscopic structural characteristics of P. bournei wood were studied, and then the wood was compared with other species of the same genus. Through GC-MS technology, the volatile substance composition of P. bournei wood was studied, and the common volatile substance compositions were analyzed by using correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least square discriminant model analysis (OPLS-DA) models. The purpose of this study was to determine the significantly different components of P. bournei wood in comparison to three similar species in the same genus and explore whether these can be used as a chemical pattern recognition method for this wood. The results showed that 11 common components were found in all the P. bournei wood samples. Through the correlation analysis between the samples of P. bournei from different sources, they had a strong interrelation and high correlation coefficient. P. bournei wood could be initially distinguished from the wood of the other three similar species of the same genus by PCA. Through OPLS-DA modeling and calculation the classification effect of the model was more obvious. The variable information used to analyze the experimental model was more complete, and the model had a strong prediction ability. With the combination of the load diagram (S-plot) and variable contribution index (VIP), variable components were preliminarily screened, and then inter-group t-test and variable content analysis were conducted for the samples. The results show that the OPLS-DA model analysis of valerianol and agarspirol has obvious differences, which can be used to distinguish wood of P. bournei from three other tree species of the same genus.

Formation of harmful volatile substances in sewage systems and their neutralization

The study of the ways of harmful volatile substance formation in sewerage systems, as well as a rapid and economical neutralization of these substances by construction, mechanical, physical and chemical, hydrodynamic and other methods is an urgent task that contributes to the protection of humans and the environment from toxic pollutants. The purpose of the presented studies is evaluation of the effectiveness of the impact on harmful volatile substances, through application of various methods designed to completely eliminate the conditions for the occurrence of odors harmful to human health or significantly reduce their amount to the maximum permissible concentrations in the airspace of cities. The methods have considered the description of the available ways of the odor identification by chemical and organoleptic analysis. The results provide a description of methods for blocking the formation of volatile substances. The operational works (methods of pipeline cleaning, ventilation, dosing of chemicals in waste waters) have been considered as the blocking measures, and the construction design ones (reconstruction of networks and facilities, biological, thermal, catalytic, electro-physical and other gas treatment methods) have been considered as the ways to reduce the spread of noxious odors. As a conclusion, it is noted that the complete elimination of the harmful volatile substance problem is possible by taking comprehensive measures to eliminate (minimize) the emission of gases into the environment.

From Crime Scene Investigation to Toxicological Sampling: Forensic Approach to Volatile Substance Related Deaths

The ready availability of volatile substances makes their abuse frequent, and especially widespread among adolescents and young-adults, with significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Even if this phenomenon has been described since 1960s, the abuse of volatile substances in forensic context is still a matter of debate. Scientific papers describe materials and procedures for sampling volatile substances when performing post mortem examination. However, proposed techniques involve the use of specific - and sometimes expensive - gas tightening materials that are not always available, whereas rapid identification of deaths related to volatile substance might be very important for the success of the whole investigation. This type of deaths could be mistaken for juvenile sudden deaths. Therefore, it is very important to search and collect all useful information, either form the crime scene or the forensic autopsy. In our work,we discuss the main pathophysiological mechanisms involved in deaths. In previous forensic papers, such mechanisms were considered less important than toxicological findings.