scholarly journals Induction of Soil Suppressiveness Against Rhizoctonia solani by Incorporation of Dried Plant Residues into Soil

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 1372-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Kasuya ◽  
Andriantsoa R. Olivier ◽  
Yoko Ota ◽  
Motoaki Tojo ◽  
Hitoshi Honjo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Volatile Substance ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Antagonistic Bacteria ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Soil Suppressiveness

Suppressive effects of soil amendment with residues of 12 cultivars of Brassica rapa on damping-off of sugar beet were evaluated in soils infested with Rhizoctonia solani. Residues of clover and peanut were tested as noncruciferous controls. The incidence of damping-off was significantly and consistently suppressed in the soils amended with residues of clover, peanut, and B. rapa subsp. rapifera ‘Saori’, but only the volatile substance produced from water-imbibed residue of cv. Saori exhibited a distinct inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of R. solani. Nonetheless, disease suppression in such residue-amended soils was diminished or nullified when antibacterial antibiotics were applied to the soils, suggesting that proliferation of antagonistic bacteria resident to the soils were responsible for disease suppression. When the seed (pericarps) colonized by R. solani in the infested soil without residues were replanted into the soils amended with such residues, damping-off was suppressed in all cases. In contrast, when seed that had been colonized by microorganisms in the soils containing the residues were replanted into the infested soil, damping-off was not suppressed. The evidence indicates that the laimosphere, but not the spermosphere, is the site for the antagonistic microbial interaction, which is the chief principle of soil suppressiveness against Rhizoctonia damping-off.

scholarly journals Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles Induce Innate Immune Responses and Activate Antioxidant Machinery in Wheat Against Rhizoctonia solani

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2758
Author(s):  
Abdelrazek S. Abdelrhim ◽  
Yasser S. A. Mazrou ◽  
Yasser Nehela ◽  
Osama O. Atallah ◽  
Ranya M. El-Ashmony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Dioxide ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

The phytopathogenic basidiomycetous fungus, Rhizoctonia solani, has a wide range of host plants including members of the family Poaceae, causing damping-off and root rot diseases. In this study, we biosynthesized spherical-shaped silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs; sized between 9.92 and 19.8 nm) using saffron extract and introduced them as a potential alternative therapeutic solution to protect wheat seedlings against R. solani. SiO2 NPs showed strong dose-dependent fungistatic activity on R. solani, and significantly reduced mycelial radial growth (up to 100% growth reduction), mycelium fresh and dry weight, and pre-, post-emergence damping-off, and root rot severities. Moreover, the impact of SiO2 NPs on the growth of wheat seedlings and their potential mechanism (s) for disease suppression was deciphered. SiO2 NPs application also improved the germination, vegetative growth, and vigor indexes of infected wheat seedlings which indicates no phytotoxicity on treated wheat seedlings. Moreover, SiO2 NPs enhanced the content of the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), induced the accumulation of defense-related compounds (particularly salicylic acid), and alleviated the oxidative stress via stimulation of both enzymatic (POD, SOD, APX, CAT, and PPO) and non-enzymatic (phenolics and flavonoids) antioxidant defense machinery. Collectively, our findings demonstrated the potential therapeutic role of SiO2 NPs against R. solani infection via the simultaneous activation of a multilayered defense system to suppress the pathogen, neutralize the destructive effect of ROS, lipid peroxidation, and methylglyoxal, and maintain their homeostasis within R. solani-infected plants.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Mycelial Growth of Rhizoctonia Solani by Chitosan in vitro and in vivo

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-161
Author(s):  
Sabah R. Mohammed ◽  
Elsayed M. Zeitar ◽  
Ivan D. Eskov
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Black Scurf ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Antifungal Effect ◽  
Poisoned Food Technique

Objective: Evaluate the antifungal effect of chitosan against Rhizoctonia solani in vitro and the possible mechanisms of its induced activity in potato tubers to control black scurf disease. Methods: The in vitro influence of chitosan at different concentrations on mycelial growth of R. solani was tested by using the poisoned food technique in PDA medium. The effect of these concentrations on the development of lesion diameters in tubers inoculated with R. solani mycelium was assayed for 30 days. The concentration that showed the greatest inhibitory effect on lesion diameters was tested to assess the induced activity of defense-related enzymes in the infected tubers. Results: In the poisoned food technique, chitosan at 1% completely inhibited the growth of R. solani mycelium. In vivo tests showed that chitosan treatment at 0.5% effectively controlled the black scurf in tubers inoculated with R. solani mycelium. Chitosan increased the activities of defense-related enzymes such as Peroxidase (POD), Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) and Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase (PAL) in treated tubers of tested cultivars. Conclusion: This work demonstrated that chitosan directly inhibited the growth of R. solani, and potentially elicited defense reaction in potato tubers.

scholarly journals Carbon Source-Dependent Effects of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation on Soil Microbiome and Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani AG-5 and Pratylenchus penetrans

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (9) ◽  
pp. 1015-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashika S. Hewavitharana ◽  
Mark Mazzola
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Soil Suppressiveness ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation

The effect of carbon source on efficacy of anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) toward suppression of apple root infection by Rhizoctonia solani AG-5 and Pratylenchus penetrans was examined. Orchard grass (GR), rice bran (RB), ethanol (ET), composted steer manure (CM), and Brassica juncea seed meal (SM) were used as ASD carbon inputs, with plant assays conducted in natural and pasteurized orchard soils. Subsequent studies investigated the effect of GR application rate used in ASD on control of these pathogens. In general, apple root infection by R. solani AG-5 was significantly lower in ET, GR, RB, and SM ASD treatments compared with the control. Among different ASD treatments, apple seedling growth was significantly greater when GR or SM was used as the carbon input relative to all other ASD treatments. R. solani AG-5 DNA abundance was significantly reduced in all ASD treatments, regardless of amendment type, compared with the control. In independent experiments, ASD-GR was consistently superior to ASD-CM for limiting pathogen activity in soils. ASD treatment with a grass input rate of 20 t ha−1 provided superior suppression of P. penetrans but grass application rate did not affect ASD efficacy in control of R. solani AG-5. The soil microbiome from ASD-GR-treated soils was clearly distinct from the control and ASD-CM-treated soils. In contrast, composition of the microbiome from control and ASD-CM-treated soils could not be differentiated. Comparative results from pasteurized and nonpasteurized soils suggest that there is potential for GR based ASD treatment to recruit microbial elements that persist over the anaerobic phase of soil incubation, which may functionally contribute to disease suppression. When ASD was conducted with GR, microbial diversity was markedly reduced relative to the control or ASD-CM soil suggesting that this parameter, typically associated with system resilience, was not instrumental to the function of ASD-induced soil suppressiveness.

scholarly journals First Report of Root Rot Caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-10 on Canola in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Schroeder ◽  
T. C. Paulitz
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
First Report

Canola (Brassica napus L) production has gained renewed interest in Washington State over the past few years, primarily for the purpose of producing biofuel. Plants were observed to be showing symptoms of Rhizoctonia root rot and postemergence damping-off. In many cases, this was due to Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-1, which was previously documented (4). However, additional plants were occasionally observed that were stunted and had reduced vigor, but lacked the distinctive severe stem damage and postemergence damping-off, which are both symptoms of infection with R. solani AG-2-1. Isolates of R. solani AG-10 were collected from symptomatic plants or baited from root zone soil at various dryland production locations in eastern Washington, including sites near Colfax, Pullman, and Walla Walla. Initial identification was determined by quantitative (Q)-PCR using R. solani AG-10 specific primers (3). The identity was verified by sequencing random isolates identified by Q-PCR (GenBank Accessions Nos. JQ068147, JQ068148 and JQ068149). All sequenced isolates had 99% identity to previously reported isolates of R. solani AG-10. Six isolates were chosen to test pathogenicity on canola plants in the greenhouse. Sterilized oats were inoculated with each of six isolates of R. solani AG-10 and grown for 4 weeks. The soil was infested with ground oat inoculum (1% wt/wt) and spring canola cv. Sunrise was seeded into 3.8 × 21-cm containers. After 3 weeks of incubation at 15°C, plants were harvested and assessed. Emergence was reduced in the infested soil with 73 to 93% (average 81%) emergence compared with 100% emergence in the noninfested soil. There was no evidence of postemergence damping-off. However, all six isolates of R. solani AG-10 significantly reduced the plant height and top dry weights compared with the noninfested controls. The plant height in infested soil was 28 to 42% (average 34%) shorter and top dry weights were 37 to 70% (average 54%) lower than in noninfested soil. Roots of infected plants had a light brown discoloration along with reduced length and fewer lateral roots. Additional host plants were tested, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). There was no significant reduction in plant height or plant dry weight for any of these hosts. R. solani AG-10 was previously found to be weakly virulent on canola and other cruciferous hosts in Australia (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solani AG-10 causing disease on canola in Washington State. Reference: (1) R. K. Khangura et al. Plant Dis. 83:714, 1999. (2) G. C. MacNish et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 24:252, 1995. (3) P. A. Okubara et al. Phytopathology 98:837, 2008. (4) T. C. Paulitz et al. Plant Dis. 90:829, 2006.

scholarly journals Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani on Impatiens by Enhanced Microbial Activity in Composted Swine Waste-Amended Potting Mixes

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (9) ◽  
pp. 1115-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Diab ◽  
S. Hu ◽  
D. M. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

Peat moss-based potting mix was amended with either of two composted swine wastes, CSW1 and CSW2, at rates from 4 to 20% (vol/vol) to evaluate suppression of pre-emergence damping-off of impatiens (Impatiens balsamina) caused by Rhizoctonia solani (anastomosis group-4). A cucumber bioassay was used prior to each impatiens experiment to monitor maturity of compost as the compost aged in a curing pile by evaluating disease suppression toward both Pythium ultimum and R. solani. At 16, 24, 32, and 37 weeks after composting, plug trays filled with compost-amended potting mix were seeded with impatiens and infested with R. solani to determine suppression of damping-off. Pre-emergence damping-off was lower for impatiens grown in potting mix amended with 20% CSW1 than in CSW2-amended and nonamended mixes. To identify relationships between disease suppression and microbial parameters, samples of mixes were collected to determine microbial activity, biomass carbon and nitrogen, functional diversity, and population density. Higher rates of microbial activity were observed with increasing rates of CSW1 amendment than with CSW2 amendments. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen also were higher in CSW1-amended mixes than in CSW2-amended potting mixes 1 day prior to seeding and 5 weeks after seeding. Principal component analysis of Biolog-GN2 profiles showed different functional diversities between CSW1- and CSW2-amended mixes. Furthermore, mixes amended with CSW1 had higher colony forming units of fungi, endospore-forming bacteria, and oligotrophic bacteria. Our results suggest that enhanced microbial activity, functional and population diversity of stable compost-amended mix were associated with suppressiveness to Rhizoctonia damping-off in impatiens.

scholarly journals Soil Suppressiveness to Fusarium Disease Following Organic Amendments and Solarization

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 1116-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyal Klein ◽  
Jaacov Katan ◽  
Abraham Gamliel
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Soil Suppressiveness ◽  
Crown And Root Rot

Soil suppressiveness to soilborne pathogens can evolve following the incorporation of plant residues in the soil and solarization. We studied its occurrence by assessing disease incidence and severity in sandy soil which was infested after the disinfestation treatment. Disease incidence and severity of crown and root rot in cucumber plants inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum macroconidia were reduced by 20 to 80% when seedlings were planted in the tested soils 2 to 34 months after soil amendment. Residues of Diplotaxis tenuifolia (wild rocket [WR]), Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon), Salvia officinalis (sage), and Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli) were most effective for inducing soil suppressiveness. Effective soil suppressiveness continued to be evident after repeated inoculations and plantings in the same soil without additional treatment between inoculations. Moreover, residues of WR induced soil suppressiveness in two additional tested soils differing in their physical and chemical properties. Residues of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Mentha piperita (peppermint), and B. oleraceae var. botrytis (cauliflower) induced disease suppression at the first inoculated planting but not upon repeated inoculation and planting. The contribution of soil solarization to the evolution of soil suppressiveness, albeit evident, was inconsistent. Soil suppressiveness to Fusarium crown and root rot was also observed when cucumber seed were sown in soils which were initially amended with WR residues and later infested with F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum chlamydospores. There is a potential for the use of plant residues for inducing soil suppressiveness and further contributing to the control of diseases caused by soilborne pathogens.

scholarly journals First Report of Damping-Off of Swiss Chard Caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HG I and Binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-A in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 1516-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Yang ◽  
R. L. Conner ◽  
Y. Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
First Report ◽  
Binucleate Rhizoctonia ◽  
5.8S Rdna ◽  
Stem Blight ◽  
Swiss Chard

During July, 2003, damping-off of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla L.) was observed in a seedling (approximately 1 month after germination) field (approximately 2 ha) in Yuanmou County in the Cuxiong District of Yunnan, China. More than 80% of the seedlings showed symptoms of the disease. Symptoms on newly emerged plants consisted of wilting, a brown necrosis of the lower taproot, and eventual death of seedlings. Among the 15 isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. isolated from Swiss chard with damping-off symptoms, 12 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani with dark brown sclerotia on potato dextrose agar (PDA) anastomosed with tester isolates of each subgroup AG-4 HG I, AG-4 HG II, and AG-4 HG III, giving a C2 hyphal fusion (1) reaction at a high frequency. The other three binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. (BNR) isolates whose mycelia were white with floccose aerial hyphae on PDA anastomosed freely with two BNR AG-A tester isolates producing a C2 hyphal reaction. The 5.8S rDNA-ITS of a single isolate of R. solani and a single isolate of BNR was sequenced. The sequence of the AG-4 isolate (GenBank Accession No. EF679777) exhibited 99 to 100% homology with isolates of R. solani AG-4, subgroup 4HG I (GenBank Accession No. AY154307). The sequence from the AG-A isolate (GenBank Accession No. EF679778) exhibited 98% homology with BNR AG-A (GenBank Accession Nos. AB000040 and AF354092). Swiss chard (cv. Baijin) seedlings (approximately 5 cm high) were planted in potting soil at a density of one seedling per vinyl pot (8 cm diameter, 9 cm high). Two isolates each of R. solani and BNR were used in pathogenicity testing. Each seedling was inoculated in the root zone with approximately 7 g of artificially infested soil. Control plants were inoculated with autoclaved soil. The experiments were conducted three times, each time with three replicates, in a greenhouse with a photoperiod of 16 h of light and 8 of h dark at 30 and 16°C, respectively. After 7 days, disease severity was measured based on a scale in which 0 = no symptom; 1 = small lesions on seedlings, no blight; 2 = leaves blight, no stem blight; 3 = stem blight; and 4 = plant dead. The two AG-4 and two of AG-A isolates were pathogenic on the Swiss chard seedlings and caused damping-off symptoms with a disease index 1.7 to 4.0, and there were no significant differences (P = 0.05) among them. We reisolated and confirmed the presence of R. solani and BNR AG-A from diseased plants. AG-3 isolates were reported to cause the damping-off of Swiss chard in the United States (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of damping-off of Swiss chard caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HG I and BNR AG-A. References: (1) D. E. Carling. Page 37 in: Grouping in Rhizoctonia solani by Hyphal Anastomosis Reaction. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordecht, the Netherlands, 1996. (2) S. T. Koike and K. V. Subbarao. Plant Dis. 83:695, 1999.

scholarly journals Effect of Seed Quality and Combination Fungicide-Trichoderma spp. Seed Treatments on Pre- and Postemergence Damping-Off in Cotton

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Seedling Disease

Good quality seeds of cotton cultivars often escaped pre-emergence damping-off incited by Pythium spp. and Rhizopus oryzae, and they were resistant to postemergence damping-off incited by Rhizoctonia solani. Poor quality seeds, however, were highly susceptible to both phases of seedling disease and required seed treatment in order to survive. Pre-emergence damping-off incited by Pythium spp. and Rhizopus oryzae could be controlled by seed treatment with biocontrol preparations of a number of Trichoderma spp., but these treatments were much less effective in controlling postemergence disease incited by Rhizoctonia solani. Postemergence seedling disease can be controlled by fungicides, but they were much less effective in controlling the pre-emergence phase of the disease. Combination seed treatments of poor quality cotton seeds with fungicides and Trichoderma spp. preparations, followed by planting in pathogen-infested soil, indicated that this technique will control both phases of seedling disease. Seed treatment with either the fungicides or the biocontrol agents alone did not achieve this goal. The optimum combination treatment for disease control was that of chloroneb plus Trichoderma spp., followed by chloroneb plus metalaxyl (Deltacoat AD) plus T. virens strain G-6.

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