scholarly journals Fabrication and Histological Evaluation of Porous Carbonate Apatite Block from Gypsum Block Containing Spherical Phenol Resin as a Porogen

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 3997
Author(s):  
Yuta Sakemi ◽  
Koichiro Hayashi ◽  
Akira Tsuchiya ◽  
Yasuharu Nakashima ◽  
Kunio Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Bone Substitute ◽  
Sodium Carbonate Solution ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Precipitation Reaction ◽  
Carbonate Apatite ◽  
Macroporous Structure ◽  
Phenol Resin ◽  
Burn Out ◽  
Good Potential

The utility of carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) as a bone substitute has been demonstrated. The feasibility of fabricating macroporous CO3Ap was evaluated through a two-step dissolution–precipitation reaction using gypsum as the precursor and spherical phenol resin as the porogen. Porogen-containing gypsum was heated to burn out the porogen and to fabricate macroporous structures. Gypsum transformed into CaCO3 upon immersion in a sodium carbonate solution, while maintaining its macroporous structure. Next, CaCO3 transformed into CO3Ap upon immersion in a Na2HPO4 solution while maintaining its macroporous structure. The utility of the macroporous CO3Ap for histologically reconstructing bone defects was evaluated in rabbit femurs. After 4 weeks, a much larger bone was formed inside the macroporous CO3Ap than that inside non-macroporous CO3Ap and macroporous hydroxyapatite (HAp). A larger amount of bone was observed inside non-macroporous CO3Ap than inside macroporous HAp. The bone defects were completely reconstructed within 12 weeks using macroporous CO3Ap. In conclusion, macroporous CO3Ap has good potential as an ideal bone substitute.

scholarly journals Histological Comparison in Rats between Carbonate Apatite Fabricated from Gypsum and Sintered Hydroxyapatite on Bone Remodeling

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasunori Ayukawa ◽  
Yumiko Suzuki ◽  
Kanji Tsuru ◽  
Kiyoshi Koyano ◽  
Kunio Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Precipitation Reaction ◽  
Carbonate Apatite ◽  
Osteoclastic Resorption ◽  
Low Crystalline

Carbonate apatite (CO3Ap), the form of apatite found in bone, has recently attracted attention. The purpose of the present study was to histologically evaluate the tissue/cellular response toward the low-crystalline CO3Ap fabricated using a dissolution-precipitation reaction with set gypsum as a precursor. When set gypsum was immersed in a 100°C 1 mol/L Na3PO4aqueous solution for 24 h, the set gypsum transformed into CO3Ap. Both CO3Ap and sintered hydroxyapatite (s-HAp), which was used as a control, were implanted into surgically created tibial bone defects of rats for histological evaluation. Two and 4 weeks after the implantation, histological sections were created and observed using light microscopy. The CO3Ap granules revealed both direct apposition of the bone matrix by osteoblasts and osteoclastic resorption. In contrast, the s-HAp granules maintained their contour even after 4 weeks following implantation which implied that there was a lack of replacement into the bone. The s-HAp granules were sometimes encapsulated with fibrous tissue, and macrophage polykaryon was occasionally observed directly apposed to the implanted granules. From the viewpoint of bone remodeling, the CO3Ap granules mimicked the bone matrix, suggesting that CO3Ap may be an appropriate bone substitute.

Fabrication of Carbonate Apatite Block from Calcium Sulfate by Hydrothermal Treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 493-494 ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunsuke Nomura ◽  
Kanji Tsuru ◽  
Alireza Valanezhad ◽  
Shigeki Matsuya ◽  
Ichiro Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Bone Substitute ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Precipitation Reaction ◽  
Carbonate Apatite ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Hydrogen Carbonate ◽  
Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate

Carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) is expected to be an ideal bone substitute since it can harmonize with the bone remodeling cycle. The aim of this study is to fabricate a CO3Ap bone substitute from gypsum (calcium sulfate, CaSO4·2H2O) hardening bodies based on dissolution-precipitation reaction. Calcium sulfate hemihydrate mixed with water at a water-to-powder ratio of 0.5 was packed in a split stainless mold and kept at room temperature for 24 hours to obtain set CaSO4·2H2O. The set CaSO4·2H2O was hydrothermally treated in the presence of disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) and sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3). The results of powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that CO3Ap block could be fabricated from the set CaSO4·2H2O block by hydrothermal treatment with Na2HPO4 and NaHCO3. When the treatment temperature was increased, the conversion rate to CO3Ap increased. However, the carbonate content decreased with increasing treatment temperature.

scholarly journals Mechanistic Illustration: How Newly-Formed Blood Vessels Stopped by the Mineral Blocks of Bone Substitutes Can Be Avoided by Using Innovative Combined Therapeutics

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 952
Author(s):  
Fabien Bornert ◽  
François Clauss ◽  
Guoqiang Hua ◽  
Ysia Idoux-Gillet ◽  
Laetitia Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Medicinal Product ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Bone Substitute ◽  
Bone Substitutes ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
New Bone Formation ◽  
Polymeric Component ◽  
Bone Filling

One major limitation for the vascularization of bone substitutes used for filling is the presence of mineral blocks. The newly-formed blood vessels are stopped or have to circumvent the mineral blocks, resulting in inefficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the implant. This leads to necrosis within the implant and to poor engraftment of the bone substitute. The aim of the present study is to provide a bone substitute currently used in the clinic with suitably guided vascularization properties. This therapeutic hybrid bone filling, containing a mineral and a polymeric component, is fortified with pro-angiogenic smart nano-therapeutics that allow the release of angiogenic molecules. Our data showed that the improved vasculature within the implant promoted new bone formation and that the newly-formed bone swapped the mineral blocks of the bone substitutes much more efficiently than in non-functionalized bone substitutes. Therefore, we demonstrated that our therapeutic bone substitute is an advanced therapeutical medicinal product, with great potential to recuperate and guide vascularization that is stopped by mineral blocks, and can improve the regeneration of critical-sized bone defects. We have also elucidated the mechanism to understand how the newly-formed vessels can no longer encounter mineral blocks and pursue their course of vasculature, giving our advanced therapeutical bone filling great potential to be used in many applications, by combining filling and nano-regenerative medicine that currently fall short because of problems related to the lack of oxygen and nutrients.

scholarly journals Effect of Systemic Zoledronic Acid Dosing Regimens on Bone Regeneration in Osteoporotic Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1906
Author(s):  
Marwa Y. Shaheen ◽  
Amani M. Basudan ◽  
Abdurahman A. Niazy ◽  
Jeroen J. J. P. van den Beucken ◽  
John A. Jansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Graft ◽  
Bone Grafting ◽  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Osteoporotic Bone ◽  
Bovine Bone ◽  
Graft Placement ◽  
Regeneration Of Bone

The aim of this study was to evaluate the regeneration of bone defects created in the femoral condyle of osteoporotic rats, following intravenous (IV) zoledronate (ZA) treatment in three settings: pre-bone grafting (ZA-Pre), post-bone grafting (ZA-Post), and pre- plus post-bone grafting (ZA-Pre+Post). Twenty-four female Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX). After 12 weeks, bone defects were created in the left femoral condyle. All defects were grafted with a particulate inorganic cancellous bovine bone substitute. ZA (0.04 mg/kg, weekly) was administered to six rats 4 weeks pre-bone graft placement. To another six rats, ZA was given post-bone graft placement creation and continued for 6 weeks. Additional six rats received ZA treatment pre- and post-bone graft placement. Control animals received weekly saline intravenous injections. At 6 weeks post-bone graft placement, samples were retrieved for histological evaluation of the bone area percentage (BA%) and remaining bone graft percentage (RBG%). BA% for ZA-Pre (50.1 ± 3.5%) and ZA-Post (49.2 ± 8.2%) rats was significantly increased compared to that of the controls (35.4 ± 5.4%, p-value 0.031 and 0.043, respectively). In contrast, ZA-Pre+Post rats (40.7 ± 16.0%) showed similar BA% compared to saline controls (p = 0.663). For RBG%, all experimental groups showed similar results ranging from 36.3 to 47.1%. Our data indicate that pre- or post-surgical systemic IV administration of ZA improves the regeneration of bone defects grafted with inorganic cancellous bovine-bone particles in osteoporotic bone conditions. However, no favorable effect on bone repair was seen for continued pre- plus post-surgical ZA treatment.

Topical Application of Slow-Release Simvastatin as a Bone Substitute in Bone Defects in the Rat Tibia: A Pilot Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. e241-e246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heli Rushinek ◽  
Michael Alterman ◽  
Amir Laviv ◽  
Ervin I. Weiss ◽  
Michael Friedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Bone Substitute ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Rat Tibia

scholarly journals Longitudinal in vivo evaluation of bone regeneration by combined measurement of multi-pinhole SPECT and micro-CT for tissue engineering

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp S. Lienemann ◽  
Stéphanie Metzger ◽  
Anna-Sofia Kiveliö ◽  
Alain Blanc ◽  
Panagiota Papageorgiou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Pinhole Spect

Abstract Over the last decades, great strides were made in the development of novel implants for the treatment of bone defects. The increasing versatility and complexity of these implant designs request for concurrent advances in means to assess in vivo the course of induced bone formation in preclinical models. Since its discovery, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) has excelled as powerful high-resolution technique for non-invasive assessment of newly formed bone tissue. However, micro-CT fails to provide spatiotemporal information on biological processes ongoing during bone regeneration. Conversely, due to the versatile applicability and cost-effectiveness, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) would be an ideal technique for assessing such biological processes with high sensitivity and for nuclear imaging comparably high resolution (<1 mm). Herein, we employ modular designed poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels that release bone morphogenetic protein to guide the healing of critical sized calvarial bone defects. By combined in vivo longitudinal multi-pinhole SPECT and micro-CT evaluations we determine the spatiotemporal course of bone formation and remodeling within this synthetic hydrogel implant. End point evaluations by high resolution micro-CT and histological evaluation confirm the value of this approach to follow and optimize bone-inducing biomaterials.

scholarly journals Physical and Histological Comparison of Hydroxyapatite, Carbonate Apatite, and β-Tricalcium Phosphate Bone Substitutes

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunio Ishikawa ◽  
Youji Miyamoto ◽  
Akira Tsuchiya ◽  
Koichiro Hayashi ◽  
Kanji Tsuru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Defect ◽  
Tricalcium Phosphate ◽  
Bone Substitutes ◽  
Physiological Solution ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Carbonate Apatite ◽  
Artificial Bone ◽  
New Bone Formation

Three commercially available artificial bone substitutes with different compositions, hydroxyapatite (HAp; Neobone®), carbonate apatite (CO3Ap; Cytrans®), and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP; Cerasorb®), were compared with respect to their physical properties and tissue response to bone, using hybrid dogs. Both Neobone® (HAp) and Cerasorb® (β-TCP) were porous, whereas Cytrans® (CO3Ap) was dense. Crystallite size and specific surface area (SSA) of Neobone® (HAp), Cytrans® (CO3Ap), and Cerasorb® (β-TCP) were 75.4 ± 0.9 nm, 30.8 ± 0.8 nm, and 78.5 ± 7.5 nm, and 0.06 m2/g, 18.2 m2/g, and 1.0 m2/g, respectively. These values are consistent with the fact that both Neobone® (HAp) and Cerasorb® (β-TCP) are sintered ceramics, whereas Cytrans® (CO3Ap) is fabricated in aqueous solution. Dissolution in pH 5.3 solution mimicking Howship’s lacunae was fastest in CO3Ap (Cytrans®), whereas dissolution in pH 7.3 physiological solution was fastest in β-TCP (Cerasorb®). These results indicated that CO3Ap is stable under physiological conditions and is resorbed at Howship’s lacunae. Histological evaluation using hybrid dog mandible bone defect model revealed that new bone was formed from existing bone to the center of the bone defect when reconstructed with CO3Ap (Cytrans®) at week 4. The amount of bone increased at week 12, and resorption of the CO3Ap (Cytrans®) was confirmed. β-TCP (Cerasorb®) showed limited bone formation at week 4. However, a larger amount of bone was observed at week 12. Among these three bone substitutes, CO3Ap (Cytrans®) demonstrated the highest level of new bone formation. These results indicate the possibility that bone substitutes with compositions similar to that of bone may have properties similar to those of bone.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of anterior frontal wall and contours defects using bone substitute

2021 ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Substitute ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Donor Site ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Autogenous Bone ◽  
Bone Void Filler ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Cranial Implant ◽  
Bone Void ◽  
Orbital Area

Aim: The aim of this article is to report on the safety and long-term efficacy of Cerament® BoneVoid Filler bone substitute for repairing craniofacial bone defects. Post-traumatic cranioplasty is a complex and challenging procedure for all maxillo-craniofacial surgeons and neurosurgeons, especially when repairing large areas. The standard criterion for repairing small cranial defects is the use autogenous bone from the iliac crest or split calvarial grafts. Autogenous grafts may result in donor-site morbidity, increased surgical time, reabsorption, blood loss, and longer recovery time . Alloplastic materials used for bone repair, such as methyl methacrylate, hydroxyapatite, titanium, or porous polyethylene, are expected to have optimal properties, including easy adaptation, biocompatibility, ingrowth of new tissue, stability of shape, and low rate of reabsorption. A cranial implant should be easily shaped and positioned, allowing easy tissue growth. In very wide cranium defects the new technology is a custom made cranial implant constructed three-dimensionally with different types of materials. However, this procedure is very expensive with various infection rates depending on the kind of material used and on the chemicophysical composition of the implant. Methods: The authors report the case of a 50-year-old man with a severe deformity of the forehead-supra orbital area as a result of a previous complex fronto-facial trauma treated in an emergency Unit. Secondary correction and reconstruction of the residual deformities were performed by using Cerament® Bone Void Filler, an alloplastic biphasic material, composed of 40% hydroxyapatite, 60% calcium sulfate and the radio-contrast agent iohexol. The unique ratio of hydroxyapatite and calcium sulfate is designed to enable Cerament to resorb at the same rate that bone forms. Calcium sulfate acts as a resorbable carrier for hydroxyapatite which is highly osteoconductive, promoting bone ingrowth.It seems to be a promising bone graft substitute in the management of bony irregularities in the fronto-orbital area. Conclusion: The patient was first hospitalized as the result of a serious craniofacial trauma. One year after the first emergency cranio-orbital reconstructive operation, a marked deformity of the frontal region appeared with a “grid effect” due to the inadequate plate-bony fixation of the fractures applied during the first bony recomposition and because it was not as rigid as it should have been . A secondary surgery for deformity correction was performed. The hardware was totally removed and the bony deformity smoothed, reshaped, covered and filled using Cerament® Bone Void Filler, a biomaterial. The patient recovered with a satisfactory cranium-forehead shape, no complications, and complete disappearance of a frowning look of the fronto-orbital region. Recently, increased use of bone substitutes in the reconstruction of bone defects has been fuelled by donor site complications associated with autologous bone harvesting. Cerament® BoneVoid Filler is a biphasic and injectable bone substitute that has a highly compressive strength and the ability to promote cancellous bone healing

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