The Study of Structural, Impedance and Energy Storage Behavior of Plasticized PVA:MC Based Proton Conducting Polymer Blend Electrolytes

In this study, structural characterization, electrical properties and energy storage performance of plasticized polymer electrolytes based on polyvinyl alcohol/methylcellulose/ammonium thiocyanate (PVA/MC-NH4SCN) were carried out. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) study displayed that the plasticized electrolyte system with the uppermost value of direct current (DC) ionic conductivity was the most amorphous system. The electrolyte in the present work realized an ionic conductivity of 2.903 × 10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature. The main charge carrier in the electrolyte was found to be the ions with the ionic transference number (tion) of 0.912, compared to only 0.088 for the electronic transference number (telec). The electrochemical stability potential window of the electrolyte is 2.1 V. The specific capacitance was found to reduce from 102.88 F/g to 28.58 F/g as the scan rate increased in cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. The fabricated electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC) was stable up to 200 cycles with high efficiency. The specific capacitance obtained for the EDLC by using charge–discharge analysis was 132.7 F/g at the first cycle, which is slightly higher compared to the CV plot. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) increased from 58 to 171 Ω throughout the cycles, which indicates a good electrolyte/electrode contact. Ions in the electrolyte were considered to have almost the same amount of energy during the conduction process as the energy density is approximately at 14.0 Wh/kg throughout the 200 cycles. The power density is stabilized at the range of 1444.3 to 467.6 W/kg as the EDLC completed the cycles.

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Structural, Electrical and Electrochemical Properties of Glycerolized Biopolymers Based on Chitosan (CS): Methylcellulose (MC) for Energy Storage Application

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13081183 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1183

Author(s):

Shujahadeen B. Aziz ◽

Ahmad S. F. M. Asnawi ◽

Mohd Fakhrul Zamani Kadir ◽

Saad M. Alshehri ◽

Tansir Ahamad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Ion Transport ◽

Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽

Transference Number ◽

Ionic Mobility ◽

Transport Parameters ◽

Ionic Transference Number ◽

Energy Storage Application ◽

Electrochemical Double Layer ◽

Ion Conducting

In this work, a pair of biopolymer materials has been used to prepare high ion-conducting electrolytes for energy storage application (ESA). The chitosan:methylcellulose (CS:MC) blend was selected as a host for the ammonium thiocyanate NH4SCN dopant salt. Three different concentrations of glycerol was successfully incorporated as a plasticizer into the CS–MC–NH4SCN electrolyte system. The structural, electrical, and ion transport properties were investigated. The highest conductivity of 2.29 × 10−4 S cm−1 is recorded for the electrolyte incorporated 42 wt.% of plasticizer. The complexation and interaction of polymer electrolyte components are studied using the FTIR spectra. The deconvolution (DVN) of FTIR peaks as a sensitive method was used to calculate ion transport parameters. The percentage of free ions is found to influence the transport parameters of number density (n), ionic mobility (µ), and diffusion coefficient (D). All electrolytes in this work obey the non-Debye behavior. The highest conductivity electrolyte exhibits the dominancy of ions, where the ionic transference number, tion value of (0.976) is near to infinity with a voltage of breakdown of 2.11 V. The fabricated electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) achieves the highest specific capacitance, Cs of 98.08 F/g at 10 mV/s by using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique.

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Electronic/Ionic Conductivity and Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient af the Sr-Fe-Co-O System

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-393-49 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 393 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

B. Ma ◽

J.-H. Park ◽

C. U. Segre ◽

U. Balachandran

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Coefficient ◽

Ionic Conductivity ◽

Oxygen Diffusion ◽

Ionic Conductivities ◽

Transference Number ◽

Transference Numbers ◽

Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient ◽

Ionic Transference Number ◽

Local Fitting ◽

Oxide Ion

ABSTRACTOxides in the Sr-Fe-Co-O system exhibit both electronic and ionic conductivities. Recently, the Sr-Fe-Co-O system attracted great attention because of its potential to be used for oxygen-permeable membranes that can operate without electrodes or external electrical circuitry. Electronic and ionic conductivities of two compositions of the Sr-Fe-Co-O system, named SFC-1 and SFC-2, have been measured at various temperatures. The electronic transference number is much greater than the ionic transference number in SFC-1, whereas the electronic and ionic transference numbers are very similar in SFC-2. At 800°C, the electronic and ionic conductivities are ≈76 and ≈4 S•cm−1, respectively, for SFC-1; whereas, for SFC-2, the electronic and ionic conductivities are ≈10 and ∼1 S•cm−1, respectively. By performing a local fitting to the equation σ • T = Aexp(-Ea / kT), we found that the oxide ion activation energies are 0.92 and 0.37 eV, respectively, for SFC-1 and SFC-2. The oxygen diffusion coefficient of SFC-2 is ≈ 9 x 10−7cm2/sec at 900°C.

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Ionic Conductivity, Morphology and Transport Number of Lithium Ions in PMMA Based Gel Polymer Electrolytes

Defect and Diffusion Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.137 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 334-335 ◽

pp. 137-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lisani Othman ◽

Khairul Bahiyah Md. Isa ◽

Zurina Osman ◽

Rosiyah Yahya

Keyword(s):

Ionic Conductivity ◽

Salt Concentration ◽

Polymer Electrolytes ◽

Ethylene Carbonate ◽

Transference Number ◽

Gel Polymer Electrolytes ◽

Casting Technique ◽

Ionic Transference Number ◽

Temperature Dependence Of Conductivity ◽

Solution Casting Technique

The gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) composed of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) with lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3) salt dissolved in a binary mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) organic solvents have been prepared by the solution casting technique. The samples are prepared by varying the salt concentrations from 5 wt.% to 30 wt.%. Impedance spectroscopy measurement has been carried out to determine the ionic conductivity of the samples. The sample containing 25 wt.% of LiCF3SO3salt exhibits the highest room temperature ionic conductivity of 2.56 x 10-3S cm-1. The conductivity of the GPEs has been found to depend on the salt concentration added to the sample, while at higher salt concentration reveals a decrease in the ionic conductivity due to ions association. The temperature dependence of conductivity from 303 K to 373 K is found to obey the Arrhenius law. The ionic transference number,tiof GPEs has been estimated by the DC polarization method and the value is found to be 0.98, 0.93, and 0.97 for the sample containing 25 wt.%, 5 wt.% and 30 wt.% respectively. This result is consistent with the conductivity studies.

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Characteristics of Glycerolized Chitosan: NH4NO3-Based Polymer Electrolyte for Energy Storage Devices with Extremely High Specific Capacitance and Energy Density Over 1000 Cycles

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12112718 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 2718

Author(s):

Shujahadeen B. Aziz ◽

M. A. Brza ◽

Iver Brevik ◽

M. H. Hamsan ◽

Rebar T. Abdulwahid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Energy Density ◽

Polymer Electrolyte ◽

Specific Capacitance ◽

Electrochemical Techniques ◽

High Specific Capacitance ◽

Transference Number ◽

Energy Storage Devices ◽

Storage Devices ◽

The Impact

In this work, plasticized polymer electrolyte films consisting of chitosan, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and glycerol for utilization in energy storage devices was presented. Various microscopic, spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques were used to characterize the concerned electrolyte and the electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) assembly. The nature of complexation between the polymer electrolyte components was examined via X-ray diffraction analysis. In the morphological study, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to investigate the impact of glycerol as a plasticizer on the morphology of films. The polymer electrolyte (conducting membrane) was found to have a conductivity of 3.21 × 10−3 S/cm. It is indicated that the number density (n), mobility (μ) and diffusion coefficient (D) of ions are increased with the glycerol amount. The mechanism of charge storing was clarified, which implies a non-Faradaic process. The voltage window of the polymer electrolyte is 2.32 V. It was proved that the ion is responsible for charge-carrying via measuring the transference number (TNM). It was also determined that the internal resistance of the EDLC assembly lay between 39 and 50 Ω. The parameters associated with the EDLC assembly are of great importance and the specific capacitance (Cspe) was determined to be almost constant over 1 to 1000 cycles with an average of 124 F/g. Other decisive parameters were found: energy density (18 Wh/kg) and power density (2700 W/kg).

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From Cellulose, Shrimp and Crab Shells to Energy Storage EDLC Cells: The Study of Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Proton Conducting Chitosan-Based Biopolymer Blend Electrolytes

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12071526 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1526 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Shujahadeen B. B. Aziz ◽

Muhamad. H. H. Hamsan ◽

Muaffaq M. M. Nofal ◽

Saro San ◽

Rebar T. Abdulwahid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Specific Capacitance ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Linear Sweep Voltammetry ◽

Transference Number ◽

Ammonium Fluoride ◽

Amorphous Region ◽

Internal Resistance ◽

Solid Polymer ◽

Electrical Equivalent Circuit

In this study, solid polymer blend electrolytes (SPBEs) based on chitosan (CS) and methylcellulose (MC) incorporated with different concentrations of ammonium fluoride (NH4F) salt were synthesized using a solution cast technique. Both Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed a strong interaction and dispersion of the amorphous region within the CS:MC system in the presence of NH4F. To gain better insights into the electrical properties of the samples, the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were analyzed by electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) modeling. The highest conductivity of 2.96 × 10−3 S cm−1 was recorded for the sample incorporated with 40 wt.% of NH4F. Through transference number measurement (TNM) analysis, the fraction of ions was specified. The electrochemical stability of the electrolyte sample was found to be up to 2.3 V via the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) study. The value of specific capacitance was determined to be around 58.3 F/g. The stability test showed that the electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) system can be recharged and discharged for up to 100 cycles with an average specific capacitance of 64.1 F/g. The synthesized EDLC cell was found to exhibit high efficiency (90%). In the 1st cycle, the values of internal resistance, energy density and power density of the EDLC cell were determined to be 65 Ω, 9.3 Wh/kg and 1282 W/kg, respectively.

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AC-Impedance, Dynamic mechanical analysis and DSC investigations on poly(methyl methacrylate)â€“LiTf polymer electrolyte systems

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS ◽

10.24297/jap.v13i1.5668 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 4618-4627

Author(s):

Abdulhamid Mohammed Soliman ◽

Ezeldain El. Shafee

Keyword(s):

Ionic Conductivity ◽

Ethylene Carbonate ◽

Transference Number ◽

Ac Impedance ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Ionic Conductors ◽

Casting Technique ◽

Ionic Transference Number ◽

The Matrix ◽

Solution Casting Technique

Gel polymer electrolytes synthesized from Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) as the host, ethylene carbonate (EC)/propylene carbonate (PC) as plasticizer and LiCF3SO3 (LiTf) as a salt has been prepared using solution casting technique. X-ray characterization confirms the complete dissociation of the LiTf salt in the gel polymer. The effect of LiTfÂ salt on ionic conductivity, ionic transference number (tion) andÂ mechanical characteristics were investigated. The ac impedance has been studied to evaluate the ionic conductivity. It was observed that the ionic conductivity of the prepared gel reached the highest value ofÂ 6.60 x 10-5 S/cm at 10.2 wt.% (1M) of LiTf salt. The temperature dependence studies showed that the samples were ionic conductors and seemed to obey the Vogelâ€“Tammanâ€“Fulcher (VTF) rule.Â Dynamic mechanicalÂ analysis (DMA) indicates thatÂ the LiTf salt induces a remarkable increase in the storage modulus of the matrix at temperatures above the glass transition (rubbery plateau region).

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Ionic Conductivity, Morphology and Transference Number of Sodium Ion in PMMA Based Gel Polymer Electrolytes

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.696 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 594-595 ◽

pp. 696-701 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lisani Othman ◽

Khairul Bahiyah Md. Isa ◽

Woon Gie Chong ◽

Nurul Husna Zainol ◽

Siti Mariam Samin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Conductivity ◽

Salt Concentration ◽

Polymer Electrolytes ◽

Ethylene Carbonate ◽

Transference Number ◽

Gel Polymer Electrolytes ◽

Casting Technique ◽

Ionic Transference Number ◽

Temperature Dependence Of Conductivity ◽

Sodium Trifluoromethanesulfonate

The gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) composed of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) with sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaCF3SO3) salt dissolved in a binary mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) organic solvents have been prepared by solution casting technique. The samples are prepared by varying the salt concentrations from 5 wt.% to 30 wt.%. Impedance spectroscopy measurement has been carried out to determine the ionic conductivity of the GPE samples. The sample containing 20 wt.% of NaCF3SO3salt exhibits the highest room temperature ionic conductivity of 3.10 x 10-3S cm-1. The conductivity of the GPEs has been found to depend on the salt concentration added to the sample though at higher salt concentration reveals decreasing in ionic conductivity due to ions association. The temperature dependence of conductivity from 303 K to 373 K is found to obey the Arrhenius rule. The ionic transference number, ti of GPEs has been estimated by DC polarization method and the value is found to be 0.95, 0.99, and 0.97 for the sample containing 5 wt.%, 20 wt.% and 30 wt.% respectively. This result is consistent with the conductivity studies.

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A Promising Polymer Blend Electrolytes Based on Chitosan: Methyl Cellulose for EDLC Application with High Specific Capacitance and Energy Density

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24132503 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (13) ◽

pp. 2503 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Shujahadeen B. Aziz ◽

M. H. Hamsan ◽

Ranjdar M. Abdullah ◽

M. F. Z. Kadir

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Specific Capacitance ◽

Double Layer ◽

Polymer Blend ◽

Electrochemical Techniques ◽

High Specific Capacitance ◽

Transference Number ◽

Constant Current ◽

Equivalent Series Resistance ◽

Charge Discharge

In the present work, promising proton conducting solid polymer blend electrolytes (SPBEs) composed of chitosan (CS) and methylcellulose (MC) were prepared for electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) application with a high specific capacitance and energy density. The change in intensity and the broad nature of the XRD pattern of doped samples compared to pure CS:MC system evidencedthe amorphous character of the electrolyte samples. The morphology of the samples in FESEM images supported the amorphous behavior of the solid electrolyte films. The results of impedance and Bode plotindicate that the bulk resistance decreasedwith increasing salt concentration. The highest DC conductivity was found to be 2.81 × 10−3 S/cm. The electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) model was conducted for selected samples to explain the complete picture of the electrical properties.The performance of EDLC cells was examined at room temperature by electrochemical techniques, such as impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and constant current charge–discharge techniques. It was found that the studied samples exhibit a very good performance as electrolyte for EDLC applications. Ions were found to be the dominant charge carriers in the polymer electrolyte. The ion transference number (tion) was found to be 0.84 while 0.16 for electron transference number (tel). Through investigation of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), the CS:MC:NH4SCN system was found to be electrochemically stable up to 1.8 V. The CV plot revealed no redox peak, indicating the occurrence of charge double-layer at the surface of activated carbon electrodes. Specific capacitance (Cspe) for the fabricated EDLC was calculated using CV plot and charge–discharge analyses. It was found to be 66.3 F g−1 and 69.9 F g−1 (at thefirst cycle), respectively. Equivalent series resistance (Resr) of the EDLC was also identified, ranging from 50.0 to 150.0 Ω. Finally, energy density (Ed) was stabilized to anaverage of 8.63 Wh kg−1 from the 10th cycle to the 100th cycle. The first cycle obtained power density (Pd) of 1666.6 W kg−1 and then itdropped to 747.0 W kg−1 at the 50th cycle and continued to drop to 555.5 W kg−1 as the EDLC completed 100 cycles.

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The Study of Plasticized Amorphous Biopolymer Blend Electrolytes Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA): Chitosan with High Ion Conductivity for Energy Storage Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC) Device Application

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12091938 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1938 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shujahadeen B. Aziz ◽

Jihad M. Hadi ◽

Elham M. A. Dannoun ◽

Rebar T. Abdulwahid ◽

Salah R. Saeed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽

Double Layer ◽

Electrical Double Layer ◽

Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽

Structural Features ◽

Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy ◽

Glycerol Concentration ◽

Equivalent Series Resistance ◽

Casting Technique

In this study, plasticized films of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA): chitosan (CS) based electrolyte impregnated with ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) were successfully prepared using a solution-casting technique. The structural features of the electrolyte films were investigated through the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The enrichment of the amorphous phase with increasing glycerol concentration was confirmed by observing broad humps. The electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) portrays the improvement of ionic conductivity from 10−5 S/cm to 10−3 S/cm upon the addition of plasticizer. The electrolytes incorporated with 28 wt.% and 42 wt.% of glycerol were observed to be mainly ionic conductor as the ionic transference number measurement (TNM) was found to be 0.97 and 0.989, respectively. The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) investigation indicates that the maximum conducting sample is stable up to 2 V. An electrolyte with the highest conductivity was used to make an energy storage electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) device. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) plot depicts no distinguishable peaks in the polarization curve, which means no redox reaction has occurred at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The fabricated EDLC displays the initial specific capacitance, equivalent series resistance, energy density, and power density of 35.5 F/g, 65 Ω, 4.9 Wh/kg, and 399 W/kg, respectively.

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Electrical Properties and Defect Structure in The Sr-Fe-Co-O System

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-411-163 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 411 ◽

Author(s):

B. Ma ◽

C.-C. Chao ◽

J.-H. Park ◽

C. U. Segret ◽

U. Balachandran

Keyword(s):

Ionic Conductivity ◽

Electrical Properties ◽

Defect Structure ◽

Ceramic Membrane ◽

Ionic Conductivities ◽

Transference Number ◽

Total Conductivity ◽

Interstitial Oxygen ◽

Oxygen Ions ◽

Ionic Transference Number

ABSTRACTThe ceramic Sr-Fe-Co-O has potential use as a membrane in gas separation. This material exhibits high conductivity of both electrons and oxygen ions. It allows oxygen to penetrate at high flux rates without other gas components. Electrical properties are essential to understanding the oxygen transport mechanism and defect structure of this material. By using a gas-tight electrochemical cell with flowing air as the reference environment, we were able to achieve an oxygen partial pressure (P02) as low as 10−16 atm. Total and ionic conductivities of Sr-Fe-Co-O have been studied as a function of P02 at elevated temperature. In air, both total and ionic conductivities increase with temperature, while the ionic transference number is almost independent of temperature, with a value of ≈0.4. Experimental results show that ionic conductivity decreases with decreasing P02 at high P02 (≥10−6 atm). This suggests that interstitial oxygen ions and electron holes are the dominant charge carriers. At 800°C in air, total conductivity and ionic conductivity are 17 and 7 S/cm, respectively. Defect dynamics in this system can be understood by means of the trivalence-to-divalence transition of Fe ions when P02 is reduced. By using the conductivity results, we estimated oxygen penneation through a ceramic membrane made of this material. The calculated oxygen permeability agrees with the experimental value obtained directly from an operating methane conversion reactor.

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