Determining Johnson-Cook Constitutive Equation for Low-Carbon Steel via Taylor Anvil Test

Tristal steel is low-carbon construction-type steel widely used in the automotive industry, e.g., for braking components. Given the contemporary demands on the high-volume production of such components, these are typically fabricated using automatic sequential machines, which can produce components at strain rates up to 103 s−1. For this reason, characterising the behaviour of the used material at high strain rates is of the utmost importance for successful industrial production. This study focuses on the characterisation of the behaviour of low-carbon steel via developing its material model using the Johnson-Cook constitutive equation. At first, the Taylor anvil test is performed. Subsequently, the acquired data together with the results of observations of structures and properties of the tested specimens are used to fill the necessary parameters into the equation. Finally, the developed equation is used to numerically simulate the Taylor anvil test and the predicted data is correlated with the experimentally acquired one. The results showed a satisfactory correlation of the experimental and predicted data; the deformed specimen region featured increased occurrence of dislocations, as well as higher hardness (its original value of 88 HV increased to more than 200 HV after testing), which corresponded to the predicted distributions of effective imposed strain and compressive stress.

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The Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation on the Brittle-Ductile Transition in Low Carbon Steel

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.633-634.471 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 633-634 ◽

pp. 471-480

Author(s):

Masaki Tanaka ◽

Kenji Higashida ◽

Tomotsugu Shimokawa

Keyword(s):

Fracture Toughness ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Grain Boundaries ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Dislocation Dynamics ◽

Strain Rates ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Dislocation Source ◽

Brittle Ductile Transition

Brittle-ductile transition (BDT) behaviour was investigated in low carbon steel deformed by an accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process. The temperature dependence of its fracture toughness was measured by conducting four-point bending tests at various temperatures and strain rates. The fracture toughness increased while the BDT temperature decreased in the specimens deformed by the ARB process. Arrhenius plots between the BDT temperatures and the strain rates indicated that the activation energy for the controlling process of the BDT was not changed by the deformation with the ARB process. It was deduced that the decrease in the BDT temperature by grain refining was not due to the increase in the dislocation mobility controlled by short-range barriers. Quasi-three-dimensional simulations of dislocation dynamics, taking into account of crack tip shielding due to dislocations, were performed to investigate the effect of a dislocation source spacing along a crack front on the BDT. The simulation indicated that the BDT temperature is decreased with decreasing in the dislocation source spacing. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that moving dislocations were impinged against grain boundaries and were reemitted from there with increasing strain. It indicates that grain boundaries can be new sources in ultra-fine grained materials, which increases toughness at low temperatures.

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Resistance to dynamic compression of low-carbon steel and alloy steels at elevated temperatures and at high strain-rates

International Journal of Mechanical Sciences ◽

10.1016/0020-7403(68)90069-6 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 613-636 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Shyam Kinkar Samanta

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

High Strain ◽

Dynamic Compression ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Strain Rates ◽

Low Carbon ◽

High Strain Rates ◽

Alloy Steels

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A Fully Coupled Thermal-Structural Finite Element Analysis of a Low-Carbon Steel Bar Using an Improved Material Model For Ductile-to-Brittle Transition at High Strain Rates

Scientific Proceedings Faculty of Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.2478/v10228-011-0017-9 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ladislav Écsi ◽

Pavel Élesztős

Keyword(s):

High Strain ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Material Model ◽

Strain Rates ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Brittle Transition ◽

Steel Bar ◽

Ductile To Brittle Transition ◽

Fully Coupled

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Plastic flow and anisotropy of a low-carbon steel over a range of strain-rates

International Journal of Impact Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.07.015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 121 ◽

pp. 157-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yannis P. Korkolis ◽

Benjamin R. Mitchell ◽

Michael R. Locke ◽

Brad L. Kinsey

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Plastic Flow ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Strain Rates ◽

Low Carbon

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Optimization of Superplastic Forming Processes for High Volume Production in Aeronautics

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.549.189 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 549 ◽

pp. 189-196

Author(s):

Andreas Nick ◽

Joachim Zettler ◽

Gerhard Hirt

Keyword(s):

Sheet Metal ◽

Thin Sheet ◽

Superplastic Forming ◽

High Volume ◽

Strain Rates ◽

Form Complex ◽

Metal Parts ◽

Sheet Metal Parts ◽

High Volume Production ◽

Volume Production

Superplastic forming (SPF) is a well-known and widely used sheet metal forming process especially useful for the production of very complex and light thin sheet metal components. The superplastic behavior of a material is highly dependent on the temperature and occurs only at a narrow range of strain rates with an optimum value that is unique for each material. Within the aeronautic industry, this process is mainly used to form complex sheet metal parts made of the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V in heat affected areas and areas where corrosion resistance plays an important role. Even though the process times of SPF are often in the range of hours and therefore recurring costs are very high, the process is sometimes still the only choice when it comes to the forming of Ti6Al4V sheet metal parts for aeronautic or aerospace applications. To overcome the problem of long process times and high costs, in recent years, a lot of research did happen with the goal of temperature reduction during forming or forming at higher strain rates. Especially the change in the aeronautic industry towards high volume production is increasing the competition between suitable forming technologies and the SPF technology can only persist if both goals, reduction of process time and recurring costs are reachable. In this paper we will address those goals and show highly useful numerical procedures to make the SPF process ready for the next generation of aerospace manufacturing.

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Study on the Strain Hardening Exponent N under the Ultrasonic Action and Establishment of Constitutive Equation

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.621.82 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 621 ◽

pp. 82-87

Author(s):

Lin Chao An ◽

Xue Li Cheng

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Constitutive Equation ◽

Tensile Test ◽

Strain Hardening ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Manganese Steel ◽

Strain Hardening Exponent ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Ultrasonic Action

The relationship between N and strain hardening exponent curve are obtained by the tensile test of the stainless steel, low carbon steel, medium manganese steel under the ultrasonic action, it is concluded that hardening exponent n of low carbon steel is constant; Hardening exponent N stainless steel has a certain relation with the strain, show the parabolic variation; Strain index N and strain of high manganese steel is linear change. Establish the constitutive equation of low carbon steel under normal and ultrasonic frequency, This equation provides a theoretical basis for the tensile test of low carbon steel, provided with guiding significance and reference value for the application of low carbon steel in engineering practice.

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Mechanical properties of low carbon steel hardened by the Fe2SiTi phase at high volume fraction

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/240/1/012095 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 240 ◽

pp. 012095 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M Perrier ◽

O Bouaziz ◽

Y Brechet ◽

A Deschamps ◽

P Donnadieu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

High Volume ◽

High Volume Fraction ◽

Low Carbon

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Flow Stress and Pyroplastic Behaviour of Ultra-Low Carbon Steel in Warm Temperature Range

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.939.415 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 939 ◽

pp. 415-421

Author(s):

Ning Kong ◽

Hong Tao Zhu ◽

Kiet Tieu ◽

Qiang Zhu

Keyword(s):

Flow Stress ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Constitutive Equation ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Warm Rolling ◽

Fe Model ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Warm Temperature ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Ultra Low Carbon Steel

In order to analyze the mechanical behaviour of ultra-low carbon steel in warm rolling, the flow stress and pyroplastric behaviour were investigated on the Gleeble-3500 with the deformation temperatures in the warm range. The strain rates of 0.1, 1 and 10s-1 were applied to the temperatures above. A series of stress-strain curves were obtained after the compression Gleeble tests with different parameters. The result indicates the flow stress increases with the decreasing deformation temperatures during the compression. And it increases with the increasing strain rate as well. The constitutive equation, which includes the deformation activation energy Q and the Kelvin temperature T, was developed by using the concept that proposed by C. M. Sellars and W.J. M. Tegart. These equation results can be verified by the results of Gleeble compression test. It indicates the average error is reasonable and acceptable for predicting the flow stress and pyroplastic deformation behaviour of ultra-low carbon steel in warm temperature range. The achieved constitutive equation provides theoretical fundaments for designing the warm rolling process of ultra-low carbon steel. The experimental data also can be used as material property parameters for the establishment of finite element (FE) model.

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