scholarly journals Understanding the Microstructure of Mortars for Cultural Heritage Using X-ray CT and MIP

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 5939
Author(s):  
Valentina Brunello ◽  
Carmen Canevali ◽  
Cristina Corti ◽  
Tim De De Kock ◽  
Laura Rampazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Limestone Aggregate ◽  
Cultural Heritage Conservation ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Visualization Software ◽  
Cement Mortars ◽  
Crushed Limestone

In this study, the microstructure of mock-up mortar specimens for a historic environment, composed of different mixtures, was studied using mercury intrusion porosity (MIP) and microcomputed tomography (µCT), highlighting the advantages and drawbacks of both techniques. Porosity, sphericity, and pores size distribution were studied, evaluating changes according to mortar composition (aerial and hydraulic binders, quartz sand, and crushed limestone aggregate). The µCT results were rendered using 3D visualization software, which provides complementary information for the interpretation of the data obtained using 3D data-analysis software. Moreover, µCT contributes to the interpretation of MIP results of mortars. On the other hand, MIP showed significant ink-bottle effects in lime and cement mortars samples that should be taken into account when interpreting the results. Moreover, the MIP results highlighted how gypsum mortar samples display a porosity distribution that is best studied using this technique. This multi-analytical approach provides important insights into the interpretation of the porosimetric data obtained. This is crucial in the characterization of mortars and provides key information for the study of building materials and cultural heritage conservation.

scholarly journals The Influence of Cement Substitution by Biomass Fly Ash on the Polymer–Cement Composites Properties

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3079
Author(s):  
Beata Jaworska ◽  
Dominika Stańczak ◽  
Joanna Tarańska ◽  
Jerzy Jaworski
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Cement Composites ◽  
Cement Mortars ◽  
Mineral Additive ◽  
Biomass Fly Ash

The generation of energy for the needs of the population is currently a problem. In consideration of that, the biomass combustion process has started to be implemented as a new source of energy. The dynamic increase in the use of biomass for energy generation also resulted in the formation of waste in the form of fly ash. This paper presents an efficient way to manage this troublesome material in the polymer–cement composites (PCC), which have investigated to a lesser extent. The research outlined in this article consists of the characterization of biomass fly ash (BFA) as well as PCC containing this waste. The characteristics of PCC with BFA after 3, 7, 14, and 28 days of curing were analyzed. Our main findings are that biomass fly ash is suitable as a mineral additive in polymer–cement composites. The most interesting result is that the addition of biomass fly ash did not affect the rheological properties of the polymer–cement mortars, but it especially influenced its compressive strength. Most importantly, our findings can help prevent this byproduct from being placed in landfills, prevent the mining of new raw materials, and promote the manufacture of durable building materials.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of Lost Cultural Heritage Sites and Landscapes: Context of Ancient Objects in Time and Space

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 604
Author(s):  
Lukáš Brůha ◽  
Josef Laštovička ◽  
Tomáš Palatý ◽  
Eva Štefanová ◽  
Přemysl Štych
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Levels Of Detail ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Very Large Datasets ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
Changes Over Time

Diachronic studies play a key role in the research and documentation of cultural heritage and its changes, ranging from architectural fragments to landscape. Regarding the reconstructions of lost cultural heritage sites, the determination of landscape conditions in the reconstructed era goes frequently unheeded. Often, only ruins and detached archeological artefacts remain of the built heritage. Placing them correctly within the reconstructed building complex is of similar importance as placing the lost monument in the context of the landscape at that time. The proposed method harmonizes highly heterogeneous sources to provide such a context. The solution includes the fusion of referential terrain models of different levels of detail (LODs) as well as the fusion of diverse 3D data sources for the reconstruction of the built heritage. Although the combined modeling of large landscapes and small 3D objects of a high detail results in very large datasets, we present a feasible solution, whose data structure is suitable for Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analyses of landscapes and also provides a smooth and clear 3D visualization and inspection of detailed features. The results are demonstrated in the case study of the island monastery, the vanished medieval town of Sekanka, and the surrounding landscape, which is located in Czechia and was the subject of intensive changes over time.

scholarly journals HIGH-QUALITY 3D MODELS AND THEIR USE IN A CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION PROJECT

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W5 ◽  
pp. 687-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Tucci ◽  
V. Bonora ◽  
A. Conti ◽  
L. Fiorini
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Heritage Conservation ◽  
Work Support ◽  
Cultural Heritage Conservation ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Restoration Work ◽  
3D Documentation

Cultural heritage digitization and 3D modelling processes are mainly based on laser scanning and digital photogrammetry techniques to produce complete, detailed and photorealistic three-dimensional surveys: geometric as well as chromatic aspects, in turn testimony of materials, work techniques, state of preservation, etc., are documented using digitization processes.<br><br> The paper explores the topic of 3D documentation for conservation purposes; it analyses how geomatics contributes in different steps of a restoration process and it presents an overview of different uses of 3D models for the conservation and enhancement of the cultural heritage. The paper reports on the project to digitize the earthenware frieze of the Ospedale del Ceppo in Pistoia (Italy) for 3D documentation, restoration work support, and digital and physical reconstruction and integration purposes. The intent to design an exhibition area suggests new ways to take advantage of 3D data originally acquired for documentation and scientific purposes.

scholarly journals TURNING 3D DATA SURVEYS OF INTERTIDAL ZONES INTO NEW MODES OF 3D VISUALIZATION, SIMULATION AND SPATIAL INTERFACE EXPERIENCES

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B4-2020 ◽  
pp. 791-794
Author(s):  
N. Hedley ◽  
I. Lochhead
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Data Science ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Coastal Morphology ◽  
Collaborative Project ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Intertidal Zones ◽  
3D Data

Abstract. This paper reports on Intertidal – a collaborative project to demonstrate integrated workflows to 3D spatial data infrastructure (SDI), simulations and geovisual interfaces - as integrated approaches to support the 3D characterization of coastal morphology, intertidal dynamics, potential sea level rise, and mitigation responses to them. Specifically, this project emphasized the potential of emerging 3D data, new analytical visualization methods, and emerging 3D interface technologies as ingredients of emerging and future environmental data science and visualization practice of coastal/intertidal environments.

Physical Properties, Mechanical Strength and Microstructure of Fired Clay Brick Waste and Metakaolin Geopolymer Mortars

2018 ◽  
Vol 930 ◽  
pp. 170-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Schwaab ◽  
O.K. Ueno ◽  
D. Ganasini ◽  
M.V. Folgueras ◽  
Sivaldo L. Correia
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cement Mortars ◽  
Microstructural Characterisation ◽  
Metakaolin Geopolymer ◽  
Standard Production

This paper presents a study related to the application of geopolymers cements as a binder on production of mortars for construction and building materials. Geopolymeric cements were produced from metakaolin, clay brick waste and activator consisting of potassium hydroxide and potassium silicate. The mixtures were prepared using standard production processes according Brazilian standards. Hardened properties of density, water absorption, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength were evaluated on samples of cured mortars. Selected samples of fractured specimens were subjected to microstructural characterisation via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. The results for the 7-day and 28-day compressive strength of geopolymer mortars showed that these materials have properties as good as those obtained from Portland cement mortars. Microstructural characterization of fractured pieces showed a morphology usually found in the category of geopolymers product structures.

X-Ray Nanotomography (XRMT) Tool for Non-Destructive High-Resolution Imaging of ICs

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbing Yun ◽  
Steve Wang ◽  
David Scott ◽  
Kenneth W. Nill ◽  
Waleed S. Haddad
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Process Development ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Tomographic Reconstruction ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithms ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Visualization Software ◽  
Volumetric Reconstruction ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract A high-resolution table-sized x-ray nanotomography (XRMT) tool has been constructed that shows the promise of nondestructively imaging the internal structure of a full IC stack with a spatial resolution better than 100 nm. Such a tool can be used to detect, localize, and characterize buried defects in the IC. By collecting a set of X-ray projections through the full IC (which may include tens of micrometers of silicon substrate and several layers of Cu interconnects) and applying tomographic reconstruction algorithms to these projections, a 3D volumetric reconstruction can be obtained, and analyzed for defects using 3D visualization software. XRMT is a powerful technique that will find use in failure analysis and IC process development, and may facilitate or supplant investigations using SEM, TEM, and FIB tools, which generally require destructive sample preparation and a vacuum environment.

scholarly journals Thermal Characterization of Recycled Materials for Building Insulation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3564
Author(s):  
Arnas Majumder ◽  
Laura Canale ◽  
Costantino Carlo Mastino ◽  
Antonio Pacitto ◽  
Andrea Frattolillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Thermal Characterization ◽  
Recycled Materials ◽  
Building Insulation ◽  
Operational Phase

The building sector is known to have a significant environmental impact, considering that it is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions of around 36% and is also responsible for about 40% of global energy consumption. Of this, about 50% takes place during the building operational phase, while around 10–20% is consumed in materials manufacturing, transport and building construction, maintenance, and demolition. Increasing the necessity of reducing the environmental impact of buildings has led to enhancing not only the thermal performances of building materials, but also the environmental sustainability of their production chains and waste prevention. As a consequence, novel thermo-insulating building materials or products have been developed by using both locally produced natural and waste/recycled materials that are able to provide good thermal performances while also having a lower environmental impact. In this context, the aim of this work is to provide a detailed analysis for the thermal characterization of recycled materials for building insulation. To this end, the thermal behavior of different materials representing industrial residual or wastes collected or recycled using Sardinian zero-km locally available raw materials was investigated, namely: (1) plasters with recycled materials; (2) plasters with natural fibers; and (3) building insulation materials with natural fibers. Results indicate that the investigated materials were able to improve not only the energy performances but also the environmental comfort in both new and in existing buildings. In particular, plasters and mortars with recycled materials and with natural fibers showed, respectively, values of thermal conductivity (at 20 °C) lower than 0.475 and 0.272 W/(m⋅K), while that of building materials with natural fibers was always lower than 0.162 W/(m⋅K) with lower values for compounds with recycled materials (0.107 W/(m⋅K)). Further developments are underway to analyze the mechanical properties of these materials.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Novel CaCO3-Forming Alkali-Tolerant Rhodococcus erythreus S26 as a Filling Agent for Repairing Concrete Cracks

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2967
Author(s):  
Seunghoon Choi ◽  
Sungjin Park ◽  
Minjoo Park ◽  
Yerin Kim ◽  
Kwang Min Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Filling Agent ◽  
Calcium Source ◽  
Alkali Tolerance ◽  
High Alkali

Biomineralization, a well-known natural phenomenon associated with various microbial species, is being studied to protect and strengthen building materials such as concrete. We characterized Rhodococcus erythreus S26, a novel urease-producing bacterium exhibiting CaCO3-forming activity, and investigated its ability in repairing concrete cracks for the development of environment-friendly sealants. Strain S26 grown in solid medium formed spherical and polygonal CaCO3 crystals. The S26 cells grown in a urea-containing liquid medium caused culture fluid alkalinization and increased CaCO3 levels, indicating that ureolysis was responsible for CaCO3 formation. Urease activity and CaCO3 formation increased with incubation time, reaching a maximum of 2054 U/min/mL and 3.83 g/L, respectively, at day four. The maximum CaCO3 formation was achieved when calcium lactate was used as the calcium source, followed by calcium gluconate. Although cell growth was observed after the induction period at pH 10.5, strain S26 could grow at a wide range of pH 4–10.5, showing its high alkali tolerance. FESEM showed rhombohedral crystals of 20–60 µm in size. EDX analysis indicated the presence of calcium, carbon, and oxygen in the crystals. XRD confirmed these crystals as CaCO3 containing calcite and vaterite. Furthermore, R. erythreus S26 successfully repaired the artificially induced large cracks of 0.4–0.6 mm width.

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