Phase-Changing Glauber Salt Solution for Medical Applications in the 28–32 °C Interval

(1) Background: The field of medicine requires simple cooling materials. However, there is little knowledge documented about phase change materials (PCM) covering the range of 28 to 40 degrees Celsius, as needed for medical use. Induced mild hypothermia, started within 6 h after birth, is an emerging therapy for reducing death and severe disabilities in asphyxiated infants. Currently, this hypothermia is accomplished with equipment that needs a power source and a liquid supply. Neonatal cooling is more frequent in low-resource settings, where ~1 million deaths are caused by birth-asphyxia. (2) Methods: A simple and safe cooling method suitable for medical application is needed for the 28 to 37.5 °C window. (3) Results: Using empirical experiments in which the ingredients in Glauber salt were changed, we studied the effects of temperature on material in the indicated temperature range. The examination, in a controlled manner, of different mixtures of NaCl, Na2SO4 and water resulted in a better understanding of how the different mixtures act and how to compose salt solutions that can satisfy clinical cooling specifications. (4) Conclusions: Our Glauber salt solution is a clinically suited PCM in the temperature interval needed for the cooling of infants suffering from asphyxia.

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Combined effects of temperature and salt solution on swelling of GMZ01 bentonite–sand mixtures

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment ◽

10.1007/s10064-021-02342-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Guo-sheng Xiang ◽

Wei-min Ye ◽

Yinkang Zhou ◽

Fazal E. Jalal

Keyword(s):

Salt Solution ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Gmz01 Bentonite ◽

Effects Of Temperature

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Evaluation of Hypothermia in Sick Neonates as Predictor of Fatality at a Tertiary Care Center of Eastern Nepal

Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College ◽

10.3126/jngmc.v14i2.21527 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 8-11

Author(s):

Piush Kanodia ◽

R Bhandari ◽

N Bhatta ◽

S Yadav

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Distress ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Prospective Observational Study ◽

Mild Hypothermia ◽

Care Center ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Birth Asphyxia ◽

Moderate Hypothermia ◽

Time Of Admission ◽

Frequent Problem

Introduction: Hypothermia is a common and frequent problem in newborns. It has larger impact in outcome related to management of sick infants.Objective: To correlate the severity of hypothermia in sick extramural neonates with fatality and physiological derangements.Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out at Neonatology unit of Pediatric department of B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) Dharan. Total 200 extramural hypothermic neonates were transferred to BPKIHS from June 2015 to June 2016. Neonates weighing more than 1000 g, with abdominal skin temperature less than 36.5°C at admission were included in the study.. Clinical features and associated features were recorded at the time of admission. Oxygen saturation was recorded by a pulse oximeter.Results: Fatality was observed to be 39.3% in mildly hypothermic babies, 51.6% in moderately hypothermic babies and 80% in severely hypothermic babies. However, the presence of associated illness (birth asphyxia, neonatal sepsis and respiratory distress), physiological derangements (hypoxia, hypoglycemia and shock) and weight less than 2000 g were associated with more than 50% fatality even in mildly hypothermic babies. When moderate hypothermia was associated with hypoxia or shock, the fatality was 83.3% and 90.9%, respectively. Similarly, mild hypothermia with hypoglycemia was associated with 71.4% fatality.Conclusion: The presence of associated illness (birth asphyxia, neonatal sepsis and respiratory distress), physiological derangements (hypoxia, hypoglycemia and shock) and weight less than 2000 g should be considered adverse factors in hypothermic neonates. Their presence should classify hypothermia in the next higher category of severity in WHO classification. JNGMC Vol. 14 No. 2 December 2016, page: 8-11

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Current Controversies in Newer Therapies to Treat Birth Asphyxia

International Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1155/2011/848413 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Pia Wintermark

Keyword(s):

Brain Injury ◽

Neurological Outcome ◽

Mild Hypothermia ◽

Birth Asphyxia ◽

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy ◽

Monitoring Technology ◽

The Past ◽

Neuroprotective Strategy ◽

Ischemic Encephalopathy

Despite major advances in monitoring technology and knowledge of fetal and neonatal pathophysiology, neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains one of the main causes of severe adverse neurological outcome in children. Until recently, there were no therapies other than supportive measures. Over the past several years, mild hypothermia has been proven to be safe to treat HIE. Unfortunately, this neuroprotective strategy seems efficient in preventing brain injury in some asphyxiated newborns, but not in all of them. Thus, there is increasing interest to rapidly understand how to refine hypothermia therapy and add neuroprotective or neurorestorative strategies. Several promising newer treatments to treat birth asphyxia and prevent its devastating neurological consequences are currently being tested. In this paper, the physiopathology behind HIE, the currently available treatment, the potential alternatives, and the next steps before implementation of these other treatments are reviewed.

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Feasibility Assessment of the Integration of Microfluidics and NEPCM for Cooling Microelectronics Systems

ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer ◽

10.1115/mnhmt2012-75107 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Julaunica Tigner ◽

Tamara Floyd-Smith

Keyword(s):

Phase Change ◽

Thermal Management ◽

Phase Change Materials ◽

Microfluidic Channels ◽

Pumping Power ◽

Feasibility Assessment ◽

Cooling Method ◽

The Difference ◽

Microchannel Cooling ◽

Change Material

The growing demand for microelectronic systems to be smaller and faster has increased the energy released by these devices in the form of heat. Microelectronic systems such as laptop computers and hand held devices are not exempted from these demands. The primary traditional technologies currently used to remove heat generated in these devices are fins and fans. In this study, traditional methods were compared to more novel methods like cooling using forced convection in microfluidic channels and stagnant nanoparticle enhanced phase change materials (NEPCM). For this study, the difference between the surface temperature of a simulated microelectronic system without any cooling and with a particular cooling method was compared for several cooling scenarios. Higher ΔT values indicate more effective cooling. The average ΔT values for fans, fins, NEPCM and microchannels with water were 2°C, 5°C, 3°C and 4°C respectively. These results suggest that, separately, microchannel cooling and NEPCM are promising methods for managing heat in microelectronic systems. Even more interesting than NEPCM or microchannel cooling alone is the potential cooling that can be achieved by combining the two methods to achieve multimode cooling first by the phase change of the NEPCM and then by circulating the nanofluid (melted NEPCM) through microchannels. A feasibility assessment, however, reveals that the combination of the two methods is not equal to the sum of the parts due to the viscosity and associated pumping power requirements for the melted phase change material. Nonetheless, the combination of the method still holds promise as a competitive alternative to existing thermal management solutions.

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Fabrication of micro power source (MPS) using a micro direct methanol fuel cell (μDMFC) for the medical application

Technical Digest. MEMS 2001. 14th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (Cat. No.01CH37090) ◽

10.1109/memsys.2001.906548 ◽

2002 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Woo Young Sim ◽

Geun Young Kim ◽

Sang Sik Yang

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cell ◽

Direct Methanol Fuel Cell ◽

Medical Application ◽

Power Source ◽

Micro Power ◽

Direct Methanol ◽

Methanol Fuel Cell

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Effects of Temperature on Mortality of Fingerling Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Experimentally Infected with Channel Catfish Virus

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f73-099 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 568-570 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

John A. Plumb

Keyword(s):

Water Temperature ◽

Temperature Change ◽

Constant Temperature ◽

Ictalurus Punctatus ◽

Salt Solution ◽

Channel Catfish ◽

Channel Catfish Virus ◽

Potential Value ◽

Cultural Conditions ◽

Effects Of Temperature

When water temperature was reduced from 28 to 19 C for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings 24 hr after injection with channel catfish virus (CCV), 24% mortality occurred. In comparison, fish held at a constant temperature of 28 C had a mortality of 94% and those held in 19 C water had 14% mortality. Reducing the temperature to 19 C when the first deaths occurred at 28 C (64–72 hr after injection) resulted in 78% mortality. Insignificant mortality occurred in fish injected with Hanks’ balanced salt solution. Results of temperature change are discussed as to their potential value in reducing the effects of CCV disease under cultural conditions.

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