scholarly journals Creep Age Forming of Fiber Metal Laminates: Effects of Process Time and Temperature and Stacking Sequence of Core Material

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7881
Author(s):  
Mehdi Safari ◽  
Ricardo Alves de Sousa ◽  
Fábio Fernandes ◽  
Mazaher Salamat-Talab ◽  
Arash Abdollahzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Core Material ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Composite Layers ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
Creep Age Forming ◽  
Springback Behavior ◽  
Alloy 6061

Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) are a type of hybrid materials interlacing composites and metals. In the present work, FMLs with aluminum alloy 6061 as the skin and E-glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP) as the core material are fabricated and formed by the creep age forming (CAF) process. The effects of time and temperature as the process parameters and thickness and stacking sequences of composites layers as the FML parameters are evaluated on the springback of glass-reinforced aluminum laminates (GLARE) FMLs. After the CAF process, the springback of creep age-formed FMLs is calculated. The results show that the FMLs can be successfully formed with the CAF process by considering appropriate time and temperature. In addition, the stacking sequence of composite layers can affect the springback behavior of FMLs significantly.

Experimental investigation, statistical modeling and multi-objective optimization of creep age forming of fiber metal laminates

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (11) ◽  
pp. 1389-1398
Author(s):  
M Safari ◽  
M Salamat-Talab ◽  
A Abdollahzade ◽  
A Akhavan-Safar ◽  
LFM da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Multi Objective Optimization ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Spring Back ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
Creep Age Forming

The experimental assessment of the creep age forming performance of fiber metal laminates was considered in this study. To this end, different fiber metal laminates with the stacking sequence of [Al/02/Al] were manufactured using aluminum alloy 6061 sheets as skins along with E-glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene and E-glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 as two different cores. Next, a comprehensive investigation was conducted on the impacts of two main parameters in the creep forming process, i.e. the effect of time and temperature on the spring-back properties of deformed fiber metal laminates. Initially, using the design of experiments and based on the response surface methodology, an imposed spring-back of the creep age formed fiber metal laminates was modeled and the governing linear regression equations were derived and verified. Then, to find the best combination yielding the minimum spring-back, the process inputs (time and temperature) were optimized. The results proved that with an increase in either time or temperature, the spring-backs of the two types of creep age formed fiber metal laminates decreased due to the decrease in elastic strains and the increase of creep strains. Also, to achieve a creep age formed fiber metal laminate with minimum spring-back according to multi-objective optimization in both fiber metal laminates, the most proper values of time and temperature should be taken as 6 h and approximately 160°C, respectively.

The High Velocity Impact Response of Novel Fiber Metal Laminates

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley J. Cantwell ◽  
Graham Wade ◽  
J. Fernando Guillen ◽  
German Reyes-Villanueva ◽  
Norman Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Velocity ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
High Velocity Impact ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Velocity Impact ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
Energy Absorbing ◽  
Dynamic Loading Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact resistance of a range of novel fiber metal laminates based on polypropylene, polyamide and polyetherimide matrices has been investigated. Initial attention focused on optimizing the interface between the composite and aluminum alloy constituents. Here, it was shown that composite-metal adhesion was excellent in all systems examined. In addition, tests at crosshead displacement rates up to 3 m/s indicated that the interfacial fracture energies remained high under dynamic loading conditions. High velocity impact tests on a series of 3/2 laminates (3 layers of aluminum/2 layers of composite) highlighted the outstanding impact resistance of a number of these systems. The glass fiber reinforced polypropylene system offered a particularly high impact resistance exhibiting a perforation energy of approximately 160 Joules. Here, failure mechanisms such as extensive plastic drawing in the aluminum layers and fiber fracture in the composite plies were found to contribute to the excellent energy-absorbing characteristics of these systems.

Determination of Ballistic Limits of GLARE 5 Fiber-Metal Laminates: The Influences of Geometry, Thickness and Stacking Sequence

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Seyed Yaghoubi ◽  
B. Liaw
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Velocity Versus ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
Ballistic Limit ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Limit Velocity ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
Ballistic Limit Velocity

In this paper, GLARE 5 fiber-metal laminates (FMLs) of two different geometries: 152.4mm×101.6mm (6″×4″) plate and 254mm×25.4mm (10″×1″) beam and with various thicknesses and stacking sequences were impacted by a 0.22 caliber bullet-shaped projectile using a high-speed gas gun. Velocities of the projectile along the ballistic trajectory were measured at different locations. For both geometries, the incident projectile impact velocity versus the residual velocity was plotted and numerically fitted according to the classical Lambert–Jonas equation for the determination of ballistic limit velocity, V50. The results showed that V50 varied in a parabolic trend with respect to the metal volume fraction (MVF) and the specimen thickness for both geometries. It was found that by changing the geometry from a plate to a beam, the ballistic limit velocity increased. On the other hand, changing the stacking sequence had a less pronounced effect on V50 for both geometries. The quasi-isotropic beam and plate specimens offered relatively higher ballistic limit velocities compared to other types of stacking sequences in their own geometrical groups. Furthermore, the cross-ply and unidirectional beam specimens showed relatively higher V50 compared to their plate counterparts. Experimental results showed that the ballistic limit was almost the same for the quasi-isotropic layup FMLs of both plate and beam geometries.

Effect of salt water conditioning on novel fiber metal laminates for marine applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (8) ◽  
pp. 1542-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Najafi ◽  
A Darvizeh ◽  
R Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Polymer Matrix Composites ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminate ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
Marine Applications ◽  
The Impact

One of the issues with the widespread use of polymer matrix composites in marine applications is their high susceptibility to environmental degradation, particularly hygrothermal conditions. Therefore, the present research intends to contribute to the better protection of the marine polymer matrix composites through the introduction of a newly developed fiber metal laminate for marine applications. This type of fiber metal laminate consists of a marine aluminum alloy of 5083 alternating with glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite layers. In order to evaluate the characterization of the environmental durability of this novel material, the specimens made of fiber metal laminates as well as commercial woven glass–epoxy composites were exposed to hygrothermal aging and hygrothermal cycling in boiling salt water. Then, to study the structural degradation caused by exposure to salt water, the mechanical properties of fiber metal laminate and woven glass–epoxy specimens under three-point bending and impact loading were evaluated. Results show that exposure to the saline environment generally decreased the flexural strength of woven glass–epoxy and fiber metal laminate specimens, whereas a smaller deterioration in flexural stiffness of both laminate types was found. Moreover, it was observed that the hygrothermal conditioning in salt water did not affect significantly the impact properties of both the fiber metal laminate and woven glass–epoxy specimens as compared to the flexural properties.

scholarly journals Characterization of Fiber Metal Laminates, Bonding and Manufacturing Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1062-1065
Keyword(s):  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Military Aircraft ◽  
High Tensile Strength ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composite ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Metal

Materials having low density combined with superior strength are gaining demand in the field of automobiles, aeronautical and military appliances. Fiber Metal Laminates (FML) is becoming the material of choice for the above mentioned applications because of the ability to tailor it to meet the demands of the end applications. This paper throws light on the commercially available for of FMLs, its production methods, property enhancement and diverse applications. As such Carbon fibre reinforced composite are preferred for making automobile bonnets and fuselage in military aircraft due to the superior strength to weight ratio. On the other hand glass fiber reinforced composite materials are used to manufacture railway locomotive body panels due to the high tensile strength and impact strength. This paper can be used as reference for budding engineers who want to gain first-hand knowledge on FMLs.

An experimental investigation on infusion time and strength of fiber metal laminates made by vacuum infusion process

2020 ◽  
pp. 146442072094189
Author(s):  
Soheil Dariushi ◽  
Sepideh Farahmandnia ◽  
Amir Masoud Rezadoust
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Proper Solution ◽  
Aluminum Layer ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Vacuum Infusion ◽  
Composite Layers ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminate ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
Manufacturing Time ◽  
Vacuum Infusion Process

The vacuum infusion process can be used to fabricate fiber metal laminates with reduced manufacturing time and cost. In this method, the holes in the aluminum layers are created due to the better flow of the resin and to ensure that the fibers are completely impregnated. Created holes can cause problems in using these fiber metal laminates. For example, structural strength is reduced and some parts of the composite layers are exposed to environmental conditions. A proper solution to these problems has been proposed and investigated in this article. If a non-perforated aluminum layer is used as the first layer to be in contact with the mold, this layer becomes the outer layer of the structure made of fiber metal laminates. This non-symmetric fiber metal laminate will still be resistant to moisture and other environmental conditions due to the presence of an intact aluminum layer on the outermost layer, such as conventional fiber metal laminates. This aluminum layer also increases the strength of fiber metal laminates in comparison with fiber metal laminates that its all aluminum layers are perforated. In this paper, the effect of holes diameter of aluminum layers on the resin flow rate (consequently the duration of the fabrication) and the mechanical strength of the structure were investigated. The results showed that holes in the upper and middle layers of aluminum can significantly increase the speed of fabrication, but the presence of the holes causes a slight decrease in the final strength of the sample.

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