An experimental investigation on infusion time and strength of fiber metal laminates made by vacuum infusion process

2020 ◽  
pp. 146442072094189
Author(s):  
Soheil Dariushi ◽  
Sepideh Farahmandnia ◽  
Amir Masoud Rezadoust
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Proper Solution ◽  
Aluminum Layer ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Vacuum Infusion ◽  
Composite Layers ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminate ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
Manufacturing Time ◽  
Vacuum Infusion Process

The vacuum infusion process can be used to fabricate fiber metal laminates with reduced manufacturing time and cost. In this method, the holes in the aluminum layers are created due to the better flow of the resin and to ensure that the fibers are completely impregnated. Created holes can cause problems in using these fiber metal laminates. For example, structural strength is reduced and some parts of the composite layers are exposed to environmental conditions. A proper solution to these problems has been proposed and investigated in this article. If a non-perforated aluminum layer is used as the first layer to be in contact with the mold, this layer becomes the outer layer of the structure made of fiber metal laminates. This non-symmetric fiber metal laminate will still be resistant to moisture and other environmental conditions due to the presence of an intact aluminum layer on the outermost layer, such as conventional fiber metal laminates. This aluminum layer also increases the strength of fiber metal laminates in comparison with fiber metal laminates that its all aluminum layers are perforated. In this paper, the effect of holes diameter of aluminum layers on the resin flow rate (consequently the duration of the fabrication) and the mechanical strength of the structure were investigated. The results showed that holes in the upper and middle layers of aluminum can significantly increase the speed of fabrication, but the presence of the holes causes a slight decrease in the final strength of the sample.

Effect of processing parameters on the fabrication of fiber metal laminates by vacuum infusion process

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 4167-4174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soheil Dariushi ◽  
Amir M. Rezadoust ◽  
Roya Kashizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Vacuum Infusion ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
Vacuum Infusion Process

Effect of salt water conditioning on novel fiber metal laminates for marine applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (8) ◽  
pp. 1542-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Najafi ◽  
A Darvizeh ◽  
R Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Polymer Matrix Composites ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminate ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
Marine Applications ◽  
The Impact

One of the issues with the widespread use of polymer matrix composites in marine applications is their high susceptibility to environmental degradation, particularly hygrothermal conditions. Therefore, the present research intends to contribute to the better protection of the marine polymer matrix composites through the introduction of a newly developed fiber metal laminate for marine applications. This type of fiber metal laminate consists of a marine aluminum alloy of 5083 alternating with glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite layers. In order to evaluate the characterization of the environmental durability of this novel material, the specimens made of fiber metal laminates as well as commercial woven glass–epoxy composites were exposed to hygrothermal aging and hygrothermal cycling in boiling salt water. Then, to study the structural degradation caused by exposure to salt water, the mechanical properties of fiber metal laminate and woven glass–epoxy specimens under three-point bending and impact loading were evaluated. Results show that exposure to the saline environment generally decreased the flexural strength of woven glass–epoxy and fiber metal laminate specimens, whereas a smaller deterioration in flexural stiffness of both laminate types was found. Moreover, it was observed that the hygrothermal conditioning in salt water did not affect significantly the impact properties of both the fiber metal laminate and woven glass–epoxy specimens as compared to the flexural properties.

Evaluation of the effect of aluminum surface treatment on mechanical and dynamic properties of PVC/aluminum/fiber glass fiber metal laminates

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (6) ◽  
pp. 1197-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Zal ◽  
Hassan Moslemi Naeini ◽  
Ahmad Reza Bahramian ◽  
Hadi Abdollahi
Keyword(s):  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Aluminum Matrix ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Aluminum Surface ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Aluminum Layer ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Aluminum Composite ◽  
Fiber Metal

A study on new materials usage to produce fiber metal laminates is presented in this work. Amorphous polyvinyl chloride thermoplastic and aluminum 3550 sheets are used to fabricate the fiber metal laminates. Different surface treatments were carried out on the aluminum sheets and the fiber metal laminates were produced using the film stacking procedure. Flexural strength and modulus of the products and also shear strength of bonding were measured using three-point bending test, and their failure mechanisms were evaluated using optical microscope images. Also, the effects of aluminum layer and aluminum/composite laminates bonding on the dynamic properties of the fiber metal laminates were studied using Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis. It was concluded that mechanical roughening of the aluminum sheet has the maximum effect on the aluminum/matrix bonding strength such that simultaneous fracture of composite laminates and aluminum layer in the bending condition was observed in the produced fiber metal laminates without any delamination.

A new constitutive bulk material model to predict the uniaxial tensile nonlinear behavior of fiber metal laminates

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gholam Hossein Majzoobi ◽  
Mohammad Kashfi ◽  
Nicola Bonora ◽  
Gianluca Iannitti ◽  
Andrew Ruggiero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Plastic Behavior ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Constitutive Material Model ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminate ◽  
Fiber Metal

In this investigation, a constitutive material model to predict elastic–plastic behavior of fiber metal laminates is introduced. The constants of the model can be obtained from the geometry and mechanical properties of the sublayers. This model can significantly reduce the computational efforts and central processing unit time by ignoring the contact between the fiber metal laminate layers. The ability of the model to predict plastic behavior of material makes it applicable to different metallic layers. Mechanical properties of each sublayer are obtained from tensile tests. The results of finite element analysis of the fiber metal laminate specimens using layered and bulk models revealed that the influence of glue was ignorable. The proposed model was validated by performing tensile tests on fiber metal laminate grades I and II and also on low and high metal volume fraction.

scholarly journals Improving the Mechanical Properties of Fiber Metal Laminate Composite Used in Aircraft Wing

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mohammad Kadum ◽  
Ali A. Al-katawy ◽  
Saad T. Faris ◽  
Ehklas E. Kader
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Laminate Composite ◽  
Adhesion Force ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Aircraft Wing ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Jute Fibers ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminate ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
Aluminum Alloy 2024

The purpose of this study is to reduce weight and improve the mechanical properties of aircraft wing using Hybrid materials known as fiber metal laminates (FMLs). In this study, seven layers were used to produce the FMLs that consist of aluminum alloy2024-T3 reinforced by carbon and glass fibers bonded with blend of epoxy-resole. The Carbon Glass Reinforced Aluminum Laminates (CAGRALLs) was used as FMLs. The results showed that The CAGRALLs gave good mechanical properties because of increasing in tensile strength, elongation at fracture and impact toughness except flexural strength by comparing with other FMLs using commercial epoxy. The increasing in layers led to weaken adhesion force between layers of FMLs caused decreasing almost mechanical properties. The FMLs has good mechanical properties by using carbon and glass fibers by comparing with carbon and jute fibers. The CAGRALLs have higher numbers of cycles at failure under cyclic loadings than Aramid Reinforced Aluminum Laminates (ARALLs). The CAGRALLs have lower density by comparing with aluminum alloy 2024-T3 that used in manufacturing of aircraft wing.

scholarly journals Determination of fracture energy (mode I) in the inverse fiber metal laminates using experimental–numerical approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sz. Duda ◽  
M. Smolnicki ◽  
T. Osiecki ◽  
G. Lesiuk
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Energy ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Displacement Curve ◽  
Cohesive Elements ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Composite Layers ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
Interface Layers

AbstractFiber metal laminates (FML) are hybrid materials consisting of metal and composite layers. They have great mechanical and fatigue properties. However, interface between metal and composite layers can be critical for their final properties. In this paper, process of determination of some fracture parameters of this interface in unusual FML material is described. Experimental tests following ASTM norm were conducted using Double Cantilever Beam (DCB). However, due to asymmetry, fracture energy cannot be obtained directly from the force–displacement curve. Finite element method simulations were carried out using cohesive elements and cohesive surfaces approach. The cohesive behavior of interface layers were modelled using traction separation law. Key properties of this law were obtained—maximal traction and fracture energy. In this particular case cohesive approach was better in reflecting experimental results. Determined values can be used in later research tasks (like modelling big structures containing this material) as material properties. The presented approach can be used successfully to obtain fracture energy in cases of materials for which standard approach is insufficient.

Drawing potential of fiber metal laminates in hydromechanical forming: A numerical and experimental study

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1386-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Saadatfard ◽  
Mahdi Gerdooei ◽  
Abdolhossein Jalali Aghchai
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Chamber Pressure ◽  
Drawing Ratio ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminate ◽  
Fiber Metal

It is known that fiber metal laminates as one of hybrid materials with thin metal sheets and fiber/resin layers have limited formability in conventional forming methods. This paper presents an experimental and numerical study for drawability of glass fiber-reinforced aluminum laminates under hydromechanical drawing technique. Fiber metal laminates comprised of a layer of woven glass fiber-reinforced prepreg, sandwiched between two layers of aluminum alloy. In order to produce fiber metal laminates, the laminates were subjected to a sufficient squeezing pressure under a controlled heating time and temperature by using a hydraulic hot press. A hydromechanical tooling equipped with blank-holder force and fluid pressure control system was used to form the initial circular fiber metal laminate blank. Finally, the effect of parameters such as pre-bulging pressure, final chamber pressure, and drawing ratio on process variables was evaluated. Also, the characteristic curve of hydromechanical drawing of fiber metal laminate i.e. chamber pressure in terms of drawing ratio was achieved by means of experimental tests and numerical simulations. The results showed that the maximum drawing ratio of defect-free fiber metal laminates, namely without any tearing, wrinkling, and delamination was obtained at pre-bulging and chamber pressure of 35 and 80 bar, respectively.

scholarly journals Analysis of the bending and failure of fiber metal laminates based on glass and carbon fibers

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Ostapiuk ◽  
Jarosław Bieniaś ◽  
Barbara Surowska
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Composite Layer ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Aluminum Layer ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Aluminum Sheets ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
Metal Layers

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanisms of cracking and failure in fiber metal laminates (FMLs) subjected to 3-point bending. Two types of laminates, based on the glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy composites, were selected for the study. The paper presents the failures of matrix and fibers as well as the effects of different thicknesses of metal layers on the tested laminates. The mechanisms of failure observed for the two tested types of fibers with uniform thickness of aluminum sheets seem similar. The results demonstrate that the tested laminates exhibit the following failure modes: fiber breakage, matrix cracking, fiber/matrix debonding, delamination, and anodic layer failure. Given the behavior of aluminum under the compressive and tensile stresses, the aluminum layer acts as a barrier preventing FML failure during bending. In addition to aluminum layer thickness, the fiber type and composite layer directions are also important factors to be considered.

Damage analysis of fiber–metal laminate patches as a repair system for surface defects of steel pipelines

2020 ◽  
pp. 146442072098014
Author(s):  
A Saffar ◽  
A Darvizeh ◽  
R Ansari ◽  
A Kazemi ◽  
M Alitavoli
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Burst Pressure ◽  
Failure Behavior ◽  
Repair System ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminate ◽  
Fiber Metal

In this paper, the failure behavior of fiber–metal laminate patches as a repair system for steel transmission lines has been investigated and the results are compared with those of the other materials commonly used for repairing pipelines such as composite patches. The laboratory test is also employed to experimentally estimate the pipe burst pressure for the tubes made of API A106 Grade B steel. A comparison of the results using different fiber–metal laminates patches and composite is made. As fillers, putties with two different elastic constants are introduced. Also, taking the cohesive behavior of the patch into account in the numerical model, the effect of the patch on the failure pressures is evaluated. The failure parameter in different patch layers for various types of fiber–metal laminates made of GLARE and CARRALL has been investigated. For significant improvement in the failure behavior of fiber–metal laminate patches, carbon fiber layers are used. Also, to prevent corrosion effects between aluminum and carbon fibers, a combination of aluminum, glass fiber reinforced polymer, and carbon fiber reinforced polymer is utilized. Moreover, the damage behavior of steel pipe and aluminum layers in the fiber–metal laminate patch has been numerically described. The results obtained in the present work clearly show the superior advantage of fiber–metal laminate patches over the conventional composite ones. Experimental results lead to the fact that internal pressure corresponding to final layer failure in composite patches and first layer failure in fiber–metal laminate patches should be considered as a reliable estimation to predict the final burst pressure.

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