scholarly journals Investigating Pure Bundling in Japan’s Electricity Procurement Auctions

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 1622
Author(s):  
Ayako Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Procurement Auctions ◽  
New Firms ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
The Cost

This study investigates the effect of bundling contracts on electricity procurement auctions in Tokyo. We conduct structural estimations that include elements of asymmetry between the incumbent and the new entrant firms and that endogenize the participation of bidders, and investigate the effect of bundling on the costs of firms, competition between the incumbent and the new firms, and auction outcomes. The results first confirm that bundling contracts raises the cost of firms, increases the asymmetry between incumbent and new firms and helps exclude new firms from auctions. We find the negative effect increasing the costs of firms is somewhat mitigated by a larger scale of bundling, but that the negative effect on participation is scarcely offset by scale. The payment of the auctioneer may decline if bundling results in a large-sized auction, but the profit of the winner is always found to be lower in bundled auctions, presumably because firms bid more aggressively owing to the smaller dispersion of the opponents’ cost distributions.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Business History ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
New Firms ◽  
Green Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Cost

This chapter lays out the principal aims of the book and its contribution. It shows that business drove unprecedented wealth creation over the last two hundred years but the cost was unprecedented environmental pollution resulting in new geological era known as the Anthropocene Age. Already in the nineteenth century there was resistance which mostly took the form of elite conservation movements. Overlooked has been the advent of green entrepreneurs who sought to create new firms to facilitate sustainability. Today there is much discussion about green entrepreneurship, but these figures predate today’s green entrepreneurs by a century. The book breaks new ground in business history by looking at these many small and marginal entrepreneurial figures, who were often highly unconventional. The book will explore what has motivated green entrepreneurs in each generation, how they build businesses, and whether they achieved their goals.

Are Apprenticeships Still Relevant in the 21st Century? A Case Study of Changing Youth Training Arrangements in German Banks

ILR Review ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Finegold ◽  
Karin Wagner
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
New Firms ◽  
Workplace Flexibility ◽  
Transferable Skills ◽  
The Past ◽  
Detailed Case ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Youth Training

The authors present a detailed case study of the evolution of apprenticeships in German banking over the past two decades to analyze why employers continue to be willing to invest in these programs that provide workers with transferable skills. They explain employers' motivation in terms of two “logics.” Some considerations stemming from the logic of consequences, such as recruitment cost savings and enhanced workplace flexibility, encourage retention of the apprenticeship system. On balance, however, the cost calculus that is at the heart of the logic of consequences would, if unopposed, encourage head-hunting for apprentices trained by other firms, eventually undermining the system. The countervailing logic of appropriateness, however, discourages defections from the system by fostering trust among employers, encouraging new firms to participate in the system, supporting the strong reputational effect associated with training, and creating mechanisms with which banks can have a hand in keeping the system efficient.

The Effect of Profitability and Financial Leverage on Cost of Debt Moderated Earnings Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Herman Ruslim, Renny Muspyta
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Financial Leverage ◽  
Publicly Traded ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Publicly Traded Companies ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to determine the effect of profitability and Financial Leverage on the Cost of Debt, and the role of Earnings Management as a moderating variable. In this study, profitability is measured by the ratio of return on equity, financial leverage is measured by the proxy debt ratio, earnings management as measured by discretionary accruals, and cost of debt is measured by the ratio of interest expense divided by the average total debt. The population in this study are publicly traded companies listed on the IDX, and the sample used is manufacturing companies listed on the IDX for the 2016-2019 period. Based on the purposive sampling method, the samples obtained were 69 manufacturing companies and 276 observations. The results showed that profitability has a negative effect on the cost of debt, while financial leverage has no effect on the cost of debt, earnings management cannot weaken the negative effect of profitability on the cost of debt and earnings management cannot weaken the negative effect of financial leverage on the cost of debt.

scholarly journals The consequences of polyandry for population viability, extinction risk and conservation

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1613) ◽  
pp. 20120053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Holman ◽  
Hanna Kokko
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Male Care ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Sex ◽  
Population Fitness

Polyandry, by elevating sexual conflict and selecting for reduced male care relative to monandry, may exacerbate the cost of sex and thereby seriously impact population fitness. On the other hand, polyandry has a number of possible population-level benefits over monandry, such as increased sexual selection leading to faster adaptation and a reduced mutation load. Here, we review existing information on how female fitness evolves under polyandry and how this influences population dynamics. In balance, it is far from clear whether polyandry has a net positive or negative effect on female fitness, but we also stress that its effects on individuals may not have visible demographic consequences. In populations that produce many more offspring than can possibly survive and breed, offspring gained or lost as a result of polyandry may not affect population size. Such ecological ‘masking’ of changes in population fitness could hide a response that only manifests under adverse environmental conditions (e.g. anthropogenic change). Surprisingly few studies have attempted to link mating system variation to population dynamics, and in general we urge researchers to consider the ecological consequences of evolutionary processes.

scholarly journals Phage gene expression and host responses lead to infection-dependent costs of CRISPR immunity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Meaden ◽  
Loris Capria ◽  
Ellinor Alseth ◽  
Sylvain Gandon ◽  
Ambarish Biswas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Fitness Cost ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Phage Gene ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Evolution Experiment ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Phage Receptor ◽  
The Cost

AbstractCRISPR-Cas immune systems are widespread in bacteria and archaea, but not ubiquitous. Previous work has demonstrated that CRISPR immunity is associated with an infection-induced fitness cost, which may help explain the patchy distribution observed. However, the mechanistic basis of this cost has remained unclear. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and its phage DMS3vir as a model, we perform a 30-day evolution experiment under phage mediated selection. We demonstrate that although CRISPR is initially selected for, bacteria carrying mutations in the phage receptor rapidly invade the population following subsequent reinfections. We then test three potential mechanisms for the observed cost of CRISPR: (1) autoimmunity from the acquisition of self-targeting spacers, (2) immunopathology or energetic costs from increased cas gene expression and (3) toxicity caused by phage gene expression prior to CRISPR-mediated cleavage. We find that phages can express genes before the immune system clears the infection and that expression of these genes can have a negative effect on host fitness. While infection does not lead to increased expression of cas genes, it does cause differential expression of multiple other host processes that may further contribute to the cost of CRISPR immunity. In contrast, we found little support for infection-induced autoimmunological and immunopathological effects. Phage gene expression prior to cleavage of the genome by the CRISPR-Cas immune system is therefore the most parsimonious explanation for the observed phage-induced fitness cost.

Systematics of economically important marine algae: a Canadian perspective

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Bird ◽  
J. P. van der Meer
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Canadian Perspective ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

Marine algae of economic importance encompass species of positive value, such as seaweeds harvested for food or hydrocolloid extractives, and species with negative effect, such as toxic phytoplankton or nuisance macrophytes. Only a small part of the global algal resource is obtained in Canada, and the overall benefit to the nation's economy is relatively minor, but there exists the potential for further development of useful species. On the other hand, the negative effects of toxic microalgae are increasing, in the form of losses to the shellfish fishery and aquaculture industry and the cost of providing toxicity-testing and phytoplankton-monitoring services. It is obvious that effective utilization of valuable algae, or defense against undesirable ones, must be attended by sound taxonomy to ensure that algae of interest are correctly identified and recognizable. However, the algae present particular problems to systematists, a major one being the variety of life histories, which may involve independent and conspicuous dissimilar phases. In addition, many algae are phenotypically highly variable in response to environment, which is often insufficiently appreciated. The converse situation also exists, in that morphologically similar species are sometimes regarded as a single entity. Algal taxonomists should strive to determine which variations are genetic and therefore taxonomically significant. To illustrate these points, we review recent taxonomic studies on some algal genera of present or potential economic importance in Canada. Key words: marine algae, systematics, economic potential, variability, genetics.

scholarly journals PUBLIC GOVERNANCE DAN KORUPSI: BUKTI PENGUJIAN DARI INDONESIA MENGGUNAKAN PERSPEKTIF TEORI KEAGENAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-234
Author(s):  
Evi Maria ◽  
Abdul Halim
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Public Governance ◽  
Asymmetry Of Information ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Asymmetry

This article explores public governance impact on the corruption’s probability in Indonesian local government practices. The research employs data of Indonesian local governments in 2012. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. The study results found that good public governance has a negative effect on corruptio’s probability. The results of this research conclude that the greater public governance index, the less the local government’s engagement in corruption. The results are rugged when area type is added as control variable. Area type do not affect the corruption’s probability in Indonesian local governments. This study found good public governance decreases the asymmetry of information between agents and principals, so that the opportunity to commit corruption are reduced. Improvement of public governance can be done by implementing e-Government to supervise the implementation of government activities and public services in local government, Indonesia.

scholarly journals Analisis Faktor – Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tingkat Produksi Selada Air (Studi Desa Wringin Anom Kecamatan Poncokusumo Kabupaten Malang)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-119
Author(s):  
Rifatin Amalia ◽  
Idah Zuhroh ◽  
Syamsul Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Primary Data ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Significant Negative Effect ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Facilities

This study aims to analyze the effect of land area, labor, production facilities costs on the results of watercress production in Poncokumo District, Malang Regency in one season. The data used is primary data, which obtained through direct field interviews with 35 watercress farmers. The method in this study is quantitative. The result shows that the land area and the cost of production facilitie have a positive and significant effect on the production of watercress. While labor has a significant negative effect on the production of watercress.

scholarly journals Application of Condenser for Methanol Recovery in Biodiesel Setup

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1362-1364
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Natural Oil ◽  
The Cost

The waste cooking oil is transfered into biodiesel by using potassium hydroxide (KOH), alcohol (methanol) at a set temperature and time. The concentration of catalyst should be at correct level or else it will lead to negative effect on the overall output of the biodiesel produced. The biodiesel conversion is done to remove the free fatty acids present in the vegetable oil using transesterification process. It is known that the boiling point of methanol is 67 °C it gets evaporated if the reaction temperature exceeds beyond the boiling point. Due to evaporation the methanol required for the reaction to proceed forward may not available. Thus inorder the save lose of methanol due to evaporation during high temperature operations, a condenser is required to condense the escaping methanol in the form vapour. This condensed methanol is again sent back to the reaction vessel to carry the transesterification reaction. Petroleum diesel is widely used in the automobile sectors, industry purpose, domestic uses and in agriculture for generation of power (mechanical) energy for the purpose of meeting the energy demands. The fuels from alternate sources are renewable and does not cause severe effect on the environment. Biodiesel is one such source of fuel which can greatly support to reduce the dependency on conventional fuels. It will complete process in 1 to 2 days to finish the vegetable oil into biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel is renewable energy source to be produce the natural oil and also fats. Hence producing biodiesel is will be a better way to compensate the energy demands and the cost involved during production should also be considered. One of the cost reducing method is saving the raw materials from wastage.

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