scholarly journals Exploring Personal and Contextual Variables of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor through the Rasch Mathematical Model

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 1838
Author(s):  
José Alberto Martínez-González ◽  
Urszula Kobylinska ◽  
Desiderio Gutiérrez-Taño
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Classical Theory ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Valuable Alternative ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
Gem Data

This article studies the variables of entrepreneurship at the regional (countries) level proposed by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) in its periodic global reports. This response to the suggestions and concerns of various authors is related to the need to analyze the theoretical foundation of the variables used by GEM. The validity and reliability of GEM data for the scientific study of entrepreneurship are also analyzed. Finally, the potential of GEM data to manage entrepreneurship variables at the country level is studied. Data from the GEM global report and the fifty countries for which data are available on all variables are used in the study. The methodology used is the Rasch mathematical model, a valuable alternative to the Classical Theory of the Test. The results confirm the theoretical validity of GEM data, its validity and reliability for the development of scientific studies, and its potential for managing entrepreneurship variables at the country level. Both the methodology used and the conclusions obtained constitute novel contributions to this field.

Country-level determinants and consequences of overconfidence in the ambitious entrepreneurship segment

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Cieślik ◽  
Eugene Kaciak ◽  
André van Stel
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Eu

Countries vary widely and systematically in the extent to which the ambitions of their entrepreneurs differ from their realisations. We label this discrepancy entrepreneurial overconfidence (EOC). Although a certain level of EOC may be beneficial for an economy, we provide empirical support for the argument that if entrepreneurial ambitions substantially and systematically exceed realisations, this may be at the cost of economic and societal prosperity. Therefore, we need to know more about country levels of EOC and their determinants, particularly with respect to the growth-oriented segment of entrepreneurship. Combining data on entrepreneurial ambitions from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and data on realisations from Eurostat, we construct a measure of EOC at the country level and correlate its variation across 23 European Union (EU) countries over the period 2004–2015 with a set of economic and cultural factors. Among other findings, our results show that ambitions exceed realisations in almost all countries, but that this discrepancy is significantly greater for new member countries entering the EU since 2004. Policy implications of our results are discussed, particularly for promoting ambitious entrepreneurship in countries at the intermediate development stage.

scholarly journals Implications of Network Diversity for Venture Growth: The Mediation Effect of Entrepreneurial Alertness

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9762
Author(s):  
Wu Zhao ◽  
Jizhen Li ◽  
Xiaohua Li ◽  
Thomas Schøtt
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Heterogeneous Information ◽  
Entrepreneurial Alertness ◽  
Network Diversity ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
Gem Data ◽  
The Relationship

This paper extends the conventional wisdom of social networks and entrepreneurship by clarifying the relationship between network diversity and venture growth as well as by studying the mediation effect of entrepreneurial alertness on network diversity. It highlights the importance of diverse networks for providing heterogeneous information and resources, which is the antecedent of entrepreneurial alertness. In this paper, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data from 44 countries are used in our analysis, considering the country’s impact. Overall, we concluded that network diversity can significantly predict entrepreneurial alertness, and a venture’s growth. Furthermore, an entrepreneur’s educational level and entrepreneurial experience have positive moderating effects on the relationship between network diversity and entrepreneurial alertness.

Societal self-control and post-exit entrepreneurial intentions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saurav Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Gem Data

PurposeThe study examines the role that societal levels of self-control – behavioral and cognitive self-control – play in shaping entrepreneurial intentions after both favorable and unfavorable prior exits.Design/methodology/approachUsing Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data set on the nature of entrepreneurial exits from 32 countries between 2007 and 2010 and supplementing this data set with country-level scores of behavioral and cognitive self-controls, the authors test five hypotheses on the effects of societal levels of self-control on post-exit entrepreneurial intentions.FindingsThe study finds that individuals who exit entrepreneurship for negative reasons (versus positive reasons) are more likely to form entrepreneurial intentions. Further, societal levels of self-control moderate this likelihood.Originality/valueThe study invokes the psychological construct of self-control in the context of entrepreneurship. The novelty lies in rendering self-control as also a higher order societal level construct and then also empirically testing the role that societal self-control plays in shaping entrepreneurial intentions after prior exits. Societal self-control accounts for cross-country variance in why individuals in some societies are better suited and capable to return to entrepreneurship despite unfavorable prior exits.

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Program: Development, Focus, and Impact

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Business Creation ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
Gem Data ◽  
Cross National

In the late 1990s, there was considerable interest in national differences in entrepreneurial activity. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research program was developed to provide harmonized, cross-national measures of participation in business creation; business creation was considered a critical aspect of entrepreneurship. This information was considered important for understanding the national characteristics associated with business creation and its subsequent impact on economic growth. The initial effort involved 10 countries in 1999. By 2014 Adult Population Surveys (APS) had been completed 705 times in 104 countries and with six special samples; this involved 2.3 million individual interviews. While there have been changes in the administrative structure and the focus of the annual global reports, the most significant data collection procedures have been stable since 2002. The GEM APS data sets are currently the only harmonized cross-national comparisons of business creation and business ownership. Designed to provide estimates of the prevalence of both business creation and existing firms, they also allow estimates of the total number of business ventures. GEM data sets are publically available three years after completion, providing a unique resource for assessing factors affecting business creation and its subsequent role in economic growth. Systematic assessments by national experts in participating countries provide measures of the national entrepreneurial framework conditions, complementing a variety of established measures of national economic and political characteristics. There are three distinct features that characterize the GEM initiative: the unique organizational structure, the global reports summarizing annual assessments of entrepreneurial activity, and data sets assembled and made available for public use. The initial organizational structure, a collaborative arrangement among national teams, was replaced by membership in the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA) in 2004. The annual global reports emphasize comparisons among member countries, the annual national reports the country-specific situations. Both are designed to facilitate reality-based public policy. Data collection for the APS provides harmonized comparisons of business creation across countries and within-country time series. The APS data has made clear the substantial variation among countries, by a factor of 10; that national levels of participation are very stable over time; that business creation is much more prevalent in poorer countries; that all segments of society are active in business creation; and that business creation is an important catalyst for the processes that lead to economic growth. The National Expert Survey (NES) questionnaire data provides information about the nature of the entrepreneurial framework in the GEN countries. There is much to be learned about the relationships between national context, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. The unique information in the GEM data sets should continue to facilitate improved understanding of this important phenomenon.

Do You Need to be Risk-Tolerant to Become an Entrepreneur? The Importance of the Reference Point

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucio Fuentelsaz ◽  
Juan P. Maicas ◽  
Javier Montero
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
High Educational Level ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Entrepreneurial Entry ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
Set Up ◽  
High Educational

AbstractThe creation of new ventures involves a great deal of risk and uncertainty. However, research has been theoretically divergent and empirically inconclusive about the influence of individuals’ risk tolerance on entrepreneurial entry. In this paper, we argue that this relationship is contingent on the reference point of individuals, taking into account the human capital and the opportunity cost of individuals when they decide to start a venture. This approach allows us to clarify some of the previous mixed results in the literature. We use a sample of almost 600,000 individuals from 90 countries that have participated in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project between 2010 and 2014. Our results show that individuals with previous experience as entrepreneurs do not need to be so risk-tolerant to set up their own venture, while individuals with a job and/or a high educational level need to be especially risk-tolerant to become entrepreneurs.

La actividad emprendedora en la Región de Murcia. Informe ejecutivo GEM 2017

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship

El presente libro trata sobre el comportamiento emprendedor de la población adulta entre 18 y 64 años de la Región de Murcia en el año 2017, tratandose de la duodécima edición del Informe GEM-Región de Murcia, dentro del proyecto internacional GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) que coordina en España el Centro Internacional Santander de Emprendimiento (Cise), y la Asociación RED GEM España. El trabajo ha sido coordinado por profesores de la Universidad de Murcia. Gem es un proyecto internacional desarrollado por instituciones y universidades de 53 economías en su edición de 2017.

scholarly journals As Dificuldades de Percurso das Mulheres Empreendedoras

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Larissa Lima Bandeira ◽  
Rafael Fernandes de Mesquita ◽  
Maria Kélvia Ferreira de Araújo ◽  
Fátima Regina Ney Matos
Keyword(s):  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship

O aumento no número de empresas criadas por mulheres vem ganhando destaque nos últimos anos. De acordo com o Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 50,7% das mulheres concordaram que o medo de fracassar não as impediria de começar um novo negócio. Mas não é só o medo que deve ser enfrentado por elas. Outras dificuldades para a atividade empreendedora são apontadas na literatura, como: barreiras de gênero, conflito família e trabalho, financeiras, de apoio familiar, de gerência de negócio, disponibilidade de tempo e qualificação. Este artigo objetivou analisar as dificuldades enfrentadas pelas mulheres no desenvolvimento empreendedor na cidade de Campo Maior - PI. Optou-se por utilizar uma abordagem qualitativa e de cunho descritivo. As mulheres pesquisadas são jovens com idade entre 22 e 34 anos, com formação concluída ou em cursos de graduação em outras áreas, que não a de gestão, que resolveram empreender pela percepção de oportunidade. A realidade empreendedora das mulheres na cidade se aproxima da caracterização sintetizada a partir da leitura, à exceção da captação de recursos financeiros que não aparentou ser influenciada por barreiras de gênero.

scholarly journals Emprendimiento de base tecnológica: un análisis basado en economías innovadoras y eficientes

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (24) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Alex Aucanshala Pilatuña ◽  
Oscar Toainga Curay ◽  
Patricio Carvajal Larenas
Keyword(s):  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship

El presente trabajo analiza un conjunto de condiciones del entorno que influyen en el desarrollo de Emprendimientos de Base Tecnológica (EBT) en economías basadas en innovación y en economías basadas en eficiencia. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura existente respecto a este fenómeno y se utilizan los datos del Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Se lleva a cabo análisis factorial exploratorio con la aplicación del método de Rotación Ortogonal Varimax. El estudio concluye que algunos de los factores identificados resultan influyentes en determinados entornos económicos para la consolidación de los EBT’s, particularmente en las economías innovadoras. Palabras clave: Emprendimiento, base tecnológica, eficientes, innovadoras. URL: http://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/883

scholarly journals Analysis of the Early Entrepreneurship Rate and the generation of jobs

Minerva ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Santiago Jacome ◽  
Gina Polit
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Agricultural Economics ◽  
P Value ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
University Of Pretoria ◽  
Entrepreneurship Theory ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship

The article analyzes the Early Entrepreneurship Rate (TEA) and the generation of jobs. The results show in the first instance that undertaking in the province of Tungurahua is very complicated. The EAP of the province is 313,018 between men and women; of these, a quarter are employed in more than 42,500 companies, which is why there has been growth in new companies at the provincial level. Finally, the equation is applied where the constant is employment and established companies and these explain the TEA; therefore, the p value of the variables is less than the significance level, that is, the alternative hypothesis is verified, being that the Early Entrepreneurship Rate (TEA) does generate jobs. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, TEA, Employment, Entrepreneurship rate, employment indicators. References [1]A. Kritiko, «Emprendedores y su impacto en el empleo y el crecimiento económico,» DIW Berlin, University of Potsdam, and IZA, Germany, 2019. [2]J. Amorós and N. Bosma, «Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2013 Global Report,» GEM, 2018. [3]A. Zoltan, «How Is Entrepreneurship Good for Economic Growth?,» 2016. [4]A. Van Stel, «Análisis empírico del espíritu empresarial y el crecimiento económico,» Libro, 2016. [5]D. Ricardo, «Emprender en la nueva era,» Emprendedores LATAM, 2017. [6]J. Ugoani, «Desarrollo Del Emprendimiento Y Generación De Empleo En Nigeria: Un Estudio De La Dirección Nacional De Empleo,» Independent Journal of Management & Production, 2015. [7]E. Bassey, «Impacto del desarrollo empresarial en la creación de empleo en el estado de Cross River: un caso de la Dirección Nacional de Empleo,» International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences,2018. [8]A. Waidi, «Evaluación del desarrollo de habilidades empresariales en la estrategia de generación de empleo en instituciones terciarias en el estado de Lagos,» Economic Insights – Trends and Challenges, Febrero 2021. [9]T. Trang, «Emprendimiento, autoempleo y creación de empleo en Vietnam,» Agricultural Economics and Management-Master's Programme, 2019. [10]M. Hoppe, «The Entrepreneurship Concept: A Short Introduction,» School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University, vol. VI, 2016. [11]G. Gintare and G. Lukas, «Investigación de identificación del concepto de emprendimiento: el aspecto teórico,» International Journal of Economics and Financial, Mayo 2016. [12]M. Kruger, «Entrepreneurship Theory And Creativity,» University of Pretoria etd, 2014. [13]Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, «Marco Conceptual del GEM,» Informe 2017 GEM, 2017. [14]OIT, «Empleo,» México Cómo Vamos, 2015.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document