The Interplay between Vascular Function and Sexual Health in Prostate Cancer: The Potential Benefits of Exercise Training

Prostate cancer and its associated treatments can cause significant and lasting morbidities, such as cardiovascular and sexual dysfunctions. Various interventions have attempted to prevent or mitigate these dysfunctions. This review summarises the available evidence on the effects of exercise training on markers of cardiovascular disease (as assessed via vascular health outcomes) and sexual health in this prevalent cancer population. Current studies predominantly report blood pressure outcomes as a marker of vascular health, as well as various questionnaires assessing sexual health parameters, in men on active treatment (i.e., hormone or radiation therapies) or post-treatment. Preliminary evidence suggests that exercise interventions may elicit improvements in sexual function, but not blood pressure, in these populations. Future studies in more advanced and varied prostate cancer populations (i.e., those on chemotherapies or immunotherapies, or undergoing active surveillance) are required to ascertain the duration, intensity and frequency of exercise that optimises the effects of exercise training on cardiovascular and sexual dysfunctions (and their relationship) in men during and following treatment for prostate cancer.

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Nutritional composition of commercially-produced 100% orange juice reveals large variability in vascular health bioactive, hesperidin

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120002682 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Johan De Rycker ◽

Carrie Ruxton ◽

Markus Jungen ◽

Ralf Schweiggert

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Orange Juice ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Vascular Health ◽

Citrus Fruits ◽

Total Carotenoids ◽

Bioactive Substances ◽

Large Variability ◽

Compliance Testing

AbstractIt is well-accepted that fruits contain a wide array of nutrients and bioactive substances which may contribute towards the prevention of chronic disease. Citrus fruits, as well as their juices, are recognised for their rich polyphenol content, specifically the flavanones; hesperidin, naringin and narirutin. Citrus fruits and juices are also rich in vitamin C and provide a source of folate, potassium and provitamin A.Randomised controlled trials have reported significant improvements to vascular function and blood pressure following consumption of 100% orange juice (OJ) with the effects potentially mediated through hesperidin and/or potassium (which has an EU claim for supporting normal blood pressure). Further clinical research may be facilitated by up-to-date information on the composition of OJ.By auditing more than 350 fruit processing companies worldwide, the non-profit organisation SGF International collects authentic OJ samples for regular compliance testing. Samples of unpasteurized OJ from the production line are removed by trained staff immediately post-extraction and frozen at -18°C within a few minutes. The samples are posted in this state to accredited laboratories where key nutrients and bioactives are tested. SGF's Database of Authentic Samples (2018) provides the following data (mg/litre) as sample size, mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum for hesperidin (231, 520, 175, 109, 1160), L-ascorbic acid (615, 450, 98, 120, 721), potassium (1242, 1758, 204, 1197, 2340), total carotenoids (575, 7, 3, 2, 21) and pectins (1043, 334, 132, 19, 932).On average, there was more hesperidin in OJ than vitamin C, giving an estimated composition of 78 mg hesperidin and 67.5 mg vitamin C per 150 mL serving. Samples from Chinese producers had the greatest variability in hesperidin (109–1160 mg/L) while samples from Argentina, South Africa and Spain had the smallest variability. When OJ from not-from-concentrate (n = 62) and concentrate (n = 169) were compared, mean levels of hesperidin were significantly higher in the not-from-concentrate juice (576 mg/L [sd 228 mg/L] vs. 500 mg/L [sd 146 mg/L]; P = 0.016; Welch's t-test).Vascular benefits in humans have been detected at OJ intakes of 500 ml/day or hesperidin intakes of 290 mg/day (Morand et al. 2011). From a quality assurance perspective, the AIJN sets an acceptable range for hesperidin as 250–700mg/L. Raising the upper cut-off could increase the hesperidin content of commercially-available OJ with potential benefits for vascular health.Morand C et al. (2011) Am J Clin Nutr 93: 73–80.

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Effects of exercise training on tumor hypoxia and vascular function in the rodent preclinical orthotopic prostate cancer model

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00949.2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 115 (12) ◽

pp. 1846-1854 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Danielle J. McCullough ◽

Linda M.-D. Nguyen ◽

Dietmar W. Siemann ◽

Bradley J. Behnke

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Contractile Function ◽

Tumor Hypoxia ◽

Ventral Prostate ◽

Preclinical Model ◽

Tumor Resistance ◽

Resistance Artery

Regular physical exercise is considered to be an integral component of cancer care strategies. However, the effect of exercise training on tumor microvascular oxygenation, hypoxia, and vascular function, all of which can affect the tumor microenvironment, remains unknown. Using an orthotopic preclinical model of prostate cancer, we tested the hypotheses that, after exercise training, in the tumor, there would be an enhanced microvascular Po2, increased number of patent vessels, and reduced hypoxia. We also investigated tumor resistance artery contractile properties. Dunning R-3327 AT-1 tumor cells (104) were injected into the ventral prostate of 4–5-mo-old male Copenhagen or Nude rats, which were randomly assigned to tumor-bearing exercise trained (TB-Ex trained; n = 15; treadmill exercise for 5–7 wk) or sedentary groups (TB-Sedentary; n = 12). Phosphorescence quenching was used to measure tumor microvascular Po2, and Hoechst-33342 and EF-5 were used to measure patent vessels and tumor hypoxia, respectively. Tumor resistance artery function was assessed in vitro using the isolated microvessel technique. Compared with sedentary counterparts, tumor microvascular Po2 increased ∼100% after exercise training (TB-Sedentary, 6.0 ± 0.3 vs. TB-Ex Trained, 12.2 ± 1.0 mmHg, P < 0.05). Exercise training did not affect the number of patent vessels but did significantly reduce tumor hypoxia in the conscious, resting condition from 39 ± 12% of the tumor area in TB-Sedentary to 4 ± 1% in TB-Ex Trained. Exercise training did not affect vessel contractile function. These results demonstrate that after exercise training, there is a large increase in the driving force of O2 from the tumor microcirculation, which likely contributes to the considerable reduction in tumor hypoxia. These results suggest that exercise training can modulate the microenvironment of the tumor, such that a sustained reduction in tumor hypoxia occurs, which may lead to a less aggressive phenotype and improve patient prognosis.

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Effects of circuit exercise training on vascular health and blood pressure

Preventive Medicine Reports ◽

10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.02.010 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 106-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Allyson K. Getty ◽

Tia R. Wisdo ◽

Lauren N. Chavis ◽

Cassandra C. Derella ◽

Kelly C. McLaughlin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Vascular Health ◽

Circuit Exercise

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Effects Of Exercise Training On Blood Pressure: Protocol For An Overview Of Systematic Reviews

10.21203/rs.3.rs-626803/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andrés F Loaiza-Betancur ◽

Edison Andrés Pérez Bedoya ◽

Víctor Alfonso Díaz-López ◽

Andrés Mauricio Echavarría-Rodríguez ◽

Iván Chulvi-Medrano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Adverse Events ◽

High Blood Pressure ◽

Systematic Reviews ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

The Body ◽

Exercise Interventions ◽

Overview Of Systematic Reviews ◽

Training Modalities

Abstract Background This overview aims to identify, appraise, and summarize the findings of all relevant systematic reviews about the benefits and harms of different exercise training modalities on blood pressure in normotensive, pre-hypertensive, and high blood pressure adults. Methods This overview of systematic reviews protocol was reported following the PRISMA-P Statement. We will search MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Epistemonikos to identify systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adults with or without a diagnosis of high blood pressure that compared exercise training interventions with other or no exercise interventions. Major outcomes will be blood pressure and adverse events. Pairs of reviewers will independently screen the systematic reviews for inclusion, extract data, and appraise the methodological quality. The GRADE approach will be used to evaluate the quality of the evidence. Discussion Findings from this study will contribute to the knowledge base in the area by providing a systematic synthesis of the certainty of the evidence for the effects of the different training modalities on blood pressure. These assessments might also assist in both the development of clinical practice guidelines and to strengthen evidence-informed decision making in healthcare. Finally, this study might serve to inform patients, caregivers, healthcare providers, researchers, and decision-makers about the benefits and adverse events related to different exercise training modalities, as well as the knowledge gaps in the body of evidence. Protocol registration: PROSPERO CRD42021247062

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Sympathetic vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle: Modulatory effects of aging, exercise training, and sex

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2021-0399 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Darren S DeLorey

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Vascular Resistance ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Muscle Blood Flow ◽

Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow ◽

Sympathetic Vasoconstriction ◽

Effects Of Aging

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a critically important regulator of the cardiovascular system. The SNS controls cardiac output and its distribution, as well as peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure at rest and during exercise. Aging is associated with increased blood pressure and decreased skeletal muscle blood flow at rest and in response to exercise. The mechanisms responsible for the blunted skeletal muscle blood flow response to dynamic exercise with aging have not been fully elucidated; however, increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), elevated vascular resistance and a decline in endothelium-dependent vasodilation are commonly reported in older adults. In contrast to aging, exercise training has been shown to reduce blood pressure and enhance skeletal muscle vascular function. Exercise training has been shown to enhance nitric oxide-dependent vascular function and may improve the vasodilatory capacity of the skeletal muscle vasculature; however, surprisingly little is known about the effect of exercise training on the neural control of circulation. The control of blood pressure and skeletal muscle blood flow also differs between males and females. Blood pressure and MSNA appear to be lower in young females compared to males. However, females experience a larger increase in MSNA with aging compared to males. The mechanism(s) for the altered SNS control of vascular function in females remain to be determined. Novelty: • This review will summarize our current understanding of the effects of aging, exercise training and sex on sympathetic vasoconstriction at rest and during exercise. • Areas where additional research is needed are also identified.

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Effects of Moderate Aerobic Exercise Training on Vascular Health and Blood Pressure in African Americans

Journal of Clinical Hypertension ◽

10.1111/jch.12328 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 504-510 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Deborah L. Feairheller ◽

Keith M. Diaz ◽

Mohammed A. Kashem ◽

Sunny R. Thakkar ◽

Praveen Veerabhadrappa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

African Americans ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Vascular Health

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The impact of milk proteins and peptides on blood pressure and vascular function: a review of evidence from human intervention studies

Nutrition Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s0954422413000139 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 177-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

Ágnes A. Fekete ◽

D. Ian Givens ◽

Julie A. Lovegrove

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Vascular Dysfunction ◽

Milk Proteins ◽

Vascular Health ◽

Human Trials ◽

The Impact ◽

Proteins And Peptides

CVD are the leading cause of death worldwide. Hypertension, a major controllable risk factor of CVD, is intimately associated with vascular dysfunction, a defect which is also now recognised to be a major, modifiable risk factor for the development of CVD. The purpose of the present review was to critically evaluate the evidence for the effects of milk proteins and their associated peptides on blood pressure (BP) and vascular dysfunction. After a detailed literature search, the number of human trials evaluating the antihypertensive effects of casein-derived peptides (excluding isoleucine-proline-proline and valine-proline-proline) was found to be limited; the studies were preliminary with substantial methodological limitations. Likewise, the data from human trials that examined the effects of whey protein and peptides were also scarce and inconsistent. To date, only one study has conducted a comparative investigation on the relative effects of the two main intact milk proteins on BP and vascular function. While both milk proteins were shown to reduce BP, only whey protein improved measures of arterial stiffness. In contrast, a growing number of human trials have produced evidence to support beneficial effects of both milk proteins and peptides on vascular health. However, comparison of the relative outcomes from these trials is difficult owing to variation in the forms of assessment and measures of vascular function. In conclusion, there is an accumulating body of evidence to support positive effects of milk proteins in improving and/or maintaining cardiovascular health. However, the variable quality of the studies that produced this evidence, and the lack of robust, randomised controlled intervention trials, undermines the formulation of firm conclusions on the potential benefits of milk proteins and peptides on vascular health.

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Biomarkers of vascular function in premenopausal and recent postmenopausal women of similar age: effect of exercise training

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00539.2013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 306 (7) ◽

pp. R510-R517 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Michael Nyberg ◽

Kaare Seidelin ◽

Thomas Rostgaard Andersen ◽

Nickie Neumann Overby ◽

Ylva Hellsten ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Adhesion Molecule ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule ◽

Hormonal Changes

Menopause is associated with an accelerated decline in vascular function; however, whether this is an effect of age and/or menopause and how exercise training may affect this decline remains unclear. We examined a range of molecular measures related to vascular function in matched premenopausal and postmenopausal women before and after 12 wk of exercise training. Thirteen premenopausal and 10 recently postmenopausal [1.6 ± 0.3 (means ± SE) years after final menstrual period] women only separated by 3 yr (48 ± 1 vs. 51 ± 1 yr) were included. Before training, diastolic blood pressure, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and skeletal muscle expression of thromboxane A synthase were higher in the postmenopausal women compared with the premenopausal women, all indicative of impaired vascular function. In both groups, exercise training lowered diastolic blood pressure, the levels of sICAM-1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), as well as plasma and skeletal muscle endothelin-1. The vasodilator prostacyclin tended ( P = 0.061) to be higher in plasma with training in the postmenopausal women only. These findings demonstrate that already within the first years after menopause, several biomarkers of vascular function are adversely altered, indicating that these biomarker changes are more related to hormonal changes than aging. Exercise training appears to have a positive impact on vascular function, as indicated by a marked improvement in the biomarker profile, in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

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