scholarly journals Do Lipids Influence Gastrointestinal Processing: A Case Study of Major Soybean Allergen Gly m 4

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 754
Author(s):  
Ekaterina I. Finkina ◽  
Daria N. Melnikova ◽  
Ivan V. Bogdanov ◽  
Anastasia A. Ignatova ◽  
Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova
Keyword(s):  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Allergic Sensitization ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Human Intestine ◽  
Gastric Digestion ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Lipid Interaction

Previously, we have demonstrated that Gly m 4, one of the major soybean allergens, could pass through the Caco-2 epithelial barrier and have proposed a mechanism of sensitization. However, it is not known yet whether Gly m 4 can reach the intestine in its intact form after digestion in stomach. In the present work, we studied an influence of various factors including lipids (fatty acids and lysolipids) on digestibility of Gly m 4. Using fluorescent and CD spectroscopies, we showed that Gly m 4 interacted with oleic acid and LPPG (lyso-palmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol), but its binding affinity greatly decreased under acidic conditions, probably due to the protein denaturation. The mimicking of gastric digestion revealed that Gly m 4 digestibility could be significantly reduced with the change of pH value and pepsin-to-allergen ratio, as well as by the presence of LPPG. We suggested that the protective effect of LPPG was unlikely associated with the allergen binding, but rather connected to the pepsin inhibition due to the lipid interaction with its catalytic site. As a result, we assumed that, under certain conditions, the intact Gly m 4 might be able to reach the human intestine and thereby could be responsible for allergic sensitization.

scholarly journals THE ACCUMULATION OF ELECTROLYTES

1932 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. V. Osterhout ◽  
W. M. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Thermodynamic Potential ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Aqueous Layer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pass Through

Inasmuch as attempts to explain accumulation by the Donnan principle have failed in the case of Valonia, a hypothesis of the steady state has been formulated to explain what occurs. In order to see whether this hypothesis is in harmony with physico-chemical laws attempts have been made to imitate its chief features by means of a model. The model consists of a non-aqueous layer (representing the protoplasmic surface) placed between an alkaline aqueous phase (representing the external solution) and a more acid aqueous phase (representing the cell sap). The model reproduces most of the features of the hypothesis. Attention may be called to the following points. 1. The semipermeable surface is a continuous non-aqueous phase. 2. Potassium penetrates by combining with an acid HX in the non-aqueous layer to form KX which in turn reacts with an acid HA in the sap to form KA. Since KX is little dissociated in the non-aqueous layer potassium appears to pass through it chiefly in molecular form. 3. The internal composition depends on permeability, e.g., sodium penetrates less rapidly than potassium and in consequence potassium predominates over sodium in the "artificial sap." The order of penetration in the model is the same as in Valonia, i.e., K > Na > Ca > Mg, and Cl > SO4, but the quantitative resemblance is not close, e.g., the difference between potassium and sodium, and chloride and sulfate is much less in the model. 4. The formation of KA and NaA in the sap raises its osmotic pressure and water enters. 5. The concentration of potassium and sodium and the osmotic pressure become much greater inside than outside. For example, potassium may become 200 times as concentrated inside as outside. 6. No equilibrium occurs but a steady state is reached in which water and salt enter at the same rate so that the composition of the sap remains constant as its volume increases. 7. Since no equilibrium occurs there is a difference of thermodynamic potential between inside and outside. At the start the thermodynamic potential of KOH is much greater outside than inside. This difference gradually diminishes and in the steady state has about the same value as in Valonia. The difference in pH value between the internal and external solutions is also similar in both cases (about 2 pH units). 8. Accumulation does not depend on the presence of molecules or ions inside which are unable to pass out. One important feature of the hypothesis is not seen in the model: this is the exchange of HCO3 for Cl-. Experiments on this point are in progress.

scholarly journals Hidden Technologies of the Great Siberian Migration: Newcomers Breaking Into the Old Residents Community (Kharlova Village Conflict of 1893)

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Kirillov ◽  
Anastasiya Karavayeva
Keyword(s):  
Case Study Method ◽  
Narrow Channels ◽  
Chain Migration ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Tide Height ◽  
Voronezh Region ◽  
To Come ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
To Receive

Peasant migration to Siberia in the second half of the 19th - the first half of the 20th century was a chronological parallel to the mass migration of Europeans across the Atlantics. One of the issues of the Great Siberian migration is the reasons for which it did not reach the proportions sufficient to defuse the land crisis in European Russia. The authors of the article are trying to solve this problem by studying the conflicts between the old Siberian residents and the migrants. By applying the case study method, the authors draw attention to one particular case, a clash in Kharlova village (Altai District of Cabinet of His Majesty Emperor) in 1893. It is one of the few conflicts described in detail. The mechanism of the conflict origination is discovered by confronting mutually exclusive statements of both parties and reconstructing hidden facts. It is proved that the resettlement of the Voronezh region peasants to the Altai village was a bright example of chain migration. New migrants would come on the advice of their predecessors. Thus, a group of the new old residents sympathetic to the newcomers was formed among the peasants belonging to the Kharlova community. The immediate reason for the conflict was an attempt of a big group of migrants to get a right to live in Kharlova village by cheating. A delegate of this group obtained the community council permission to come with a couple more of adult peasants and returned next year with six dozen of his compatriots. Though untypical, this method of penetration into an old residents community highlights a common issue: the ground for the conflicts was created by the two peasant groups contradiction of interests. It was important for the newcomers to start new life with the help of those who had already put down roots in Siberia; but the old residents were ready to receive only a small number of new neighbors. The rising tide of peasant migration could not spread evenly over the Siberian expanse; it had to pass through narrow channels of the already inhabited places - which considerably restricted the tide height.

Photodegradation of Cationic and Anioic Dyes by pH-Dependent Dispersion of Amphoteric g-C3N4 Nanosheets

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 6215-6221
Author(s):  
Qingmei Zhang ◽  
Aoli Wen ◽  
Guoliang Chen ◽  
Juan Huang ◽  
Xu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Cationic Dye ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Anionic Dye ◽  
Chromotrope 2R ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Ph Dependent

g-C3N4 nanosheets (NSs) were prepared via H2SO4 exfoliation from the bulky g-C3N4 and the photocatalytic (PC) activities were investigated comprehensively using Rodamine B (RhB) and Chromotrope 2R (Ch2R) as candidate pollutants. The results showed that the pH value have important functions in the improvement of photodegradation performance of C3N4 NSs. RhB as cationic dye could be photodegraded more efficiently under acidic conditions while Ch2R as anionic dye was degraded easily in pH ≥ 11 solution. In particular, the Ch2R could be degraded completely within only 30 min in pH = 11 solution. It might be because the amphoteric C3N4 NSs surface with carboxyl and amino groups possessed negative and positive charges in alkaline and acidic conditions, respectively. These results presumably provided a new idea to enhance the pH-dependent photodegradation activity and degrade different types of pollutants selectively by adjusting the pH of amphoteric nanocatalyts.

Analysis and Testing of Passenger Vehicle Bulkhead Fireworthiness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Herbst ◽  
Steven Meyer ◽  
Lauren Bell ◽  
Jack Bish ◽  
Christopher Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Testing Methodology ◽  
Seal Design ◽  
Retention Testing ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Occupant Injuries ◽  
Pass Through

This paper presents a case study of an injury producing post-crash fire as well as testing methods to evaluate bulkhead pass through seal fire resistance and retention. In the subject crash, engine compartment fluids were released and ignited. The burning fluids entered the occupant compartment through a bulkhead pass through, resulting in rapid fire propagation and severe occupant injuries before extrication could be completed. A burn testing methodology was developed and used to evaluate the ability of the subject seal design to prevent flames and fluids from entering the occupant compartment. A retention testing methodology was also developed and used to evaluate a variety of seal designs.

Development of Precise Visualization System for Small Transient Diffusion Field of Protein Using Phase Shifting Interferometer

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsuki Komiya ◽  
Shigenao Maruyama ◽  
Shuichi Moriya
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Mass Diffusion ◽  
Phase Shifting ◽  
Diffusion Field ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Visualization System ◽  
Transient Diffusion ◽  
Wide Range

This paper deals with a development of precise visualization system for mass diffusion field of micro quantity proteins by using phase shifting interferometer. The visualization system developed in this study could solve several measurement difficulties and accomplish quick and precise measurement of mass diffusion coefficient. For the observation of small transient diffusion field, Mach-Zehnder type phase shifting interferometer and small shearing cell were utilized. The designed small shearing cell requires only 10 micro liter solutions to form the transient diffusion field. As a target protein, lysozyme extracted from hen egg white was used. For the avoidance of protein denaturation, the lysozyme was dissolved in universal buffer solution over a wide pH range from pH 4.29 to 8.44. This range corresponds to that of digestive system in human body. Also, to investigate concentration dependency of mass diffusion coefficient, solutions over a wide range of concentration were prepared. The experimental results indicated that the concentration profile in a diffusion field could be detected clearly even though the field of view is smaller than 1.0mm square. The mass diffusion coefficient was derived by an analytical method proposed by authors. This method can derive mass diffusion coefficient as a function of concentration from one measurement datum. From the experimental data, the dependency of pH value of surrounding buffer and that of concentration on diffusion phenomena were discussed.

scholarly journals A review of the potential for rare-earth element resources from European red muds: examples from Seydişehir, Turkey and Parnassus-Giona, Greece

2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éimear A. Deady ◽  
Evangelos Mouchos ◽  
Kathryn Goodenough ◽  
Ben J. Williamson ◽  
Frances Wall
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Bayer Process ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Study Sites

AbstractRare-earth elements (REE) are viewed as 'critical metals' due to a complex array of production and political issues, most notably a near monopoly in supply from China. Red mud, the waste product of the Bayer process that produces alumina from bauxite, represents a potential secondary resource ofREE. Karst bauxite deposits represent the ideal source material forREE-enriched red mud as the conditions during formation of the bauxite allow for the retention ofREE. TheREEpass through the Bayer Process and are concentrated in the waste material. Millions of tonnes of red mud are currently stockpiled in onshore storage facilities across Europe, representing a potentialREEresource. Red mud from two case study sites, one in Greece and the other in Turkey, has been found to contain an average of ∼1000 ppm totalREE, with an enrichment of light over heavyREE. Although this is relatively low grade when compared with typical primaryREEdeposits (Mountain Pass and Mount Weld up to 80,000 ppm), it is of interest because of the large volumes available, the cost benefits of reprocessing waste, and the low proportion of contained radioactive elements. This work shows that ∼12,000 tonnes ofREEexist in red mud at the two case study areas alone, with much larger resources existing across Europe as a whole.

DIFFERENT MORPHOLOGIES OFTiO2NANOSTRUCTURES IN ACIDIC AND BASIC SOL–GEL METHOD

NANO ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 05 (05) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. IMANIEH ◽  
Y. VAHIDSHAD ◽  
P. NOURPOUR ◽  
S. SHAKESI ◽  
K. SHABANI
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Gel Method ◽  
Sol Gel Method ◽  
New Process ◽  
Nanocrystalline Titanium ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide ◽  
First Time

In this research, nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles were prepared by a modified alkoxide technique under basic and acidic conditions at room temperatures. A simple method for preparing different morphology of TiO2has been developed. The reaction condition was used to control the crystalline size, phase and morphology of the TiO2nanostructures. In this process by adjusting the Rw(water to precursor ratio) and pH value the hydrolysis and condensation reactions were controlled. This led to the development of a new process to produce TiO2nanorod (for the first time by sol–gel method) at high pH value (basic) while the water content was sufficient whereas at low pH value (acidic) nanosphere TiO2were obtained. The powders were characterized by DTA, XRD, FE-SEM and UV–vis techniques and their physical properties were compared.

scholarly journals Phenol Sulfonic Acid Oxidation in aqueous solution by UV, UV/H2O2 and Photo-Fenton Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
N. Jamshidi ◽  
M.T. Jafarzadeh ◽  
A. Khoshgard ◽  
L. Talebiazar ◽  
R. Aslaniavali
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Processes ◽  
Iron Catalyst ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Iron Salt ◽  
Input Concentration ◽  
Acidic Conditions

In this study, advanced oxidation processes (UV, UV/H2O2, UV/H2O2/Fe(II) and UV/H2O2/Fe(III)) were investigated in lab-scale experiments for degradation of phenol sulfonic acid (PSA) in aqueous solution. The study showed that the UV/H2O2 process has removal percentage 90.9, 93.0 and 94.4 for neutral, basic and acidic conditions in 20 minutes respectively. The experimental results showed that the optimum conditions were obtained at a pH value of 3, with 4 mmol/1 H2O2, and 0.25 mmol/1 Fe(II) for the UV/H2O2/Fe(II) system and 6 mmol/l H2O2 and, 0.4 mmol/1 Fe(III) for the UV/H2O2/Fe(III) system. The reaction was influenced by the pH, the input concentration of H2O2 and the amount of the iron catalyst and the type of iron salt. As for the UV processes, UV/H2O2 showed the highest degradation rate under acidic conditions

A Reliable Pre-Processing for the Simulation of Friction Joints in Turbomachineries and its Validation: A Case Study With Policontact

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Firrone ◽  
Giuseppe Battiato
Keyword(s):  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Mathematical Basis ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Nonlinear Equations Of Motion ◽  
Physical Phenomena

Abstract Industry and University collaborates to develop methods to simulate the nonlinear dynamics of components in rotating assemblies like turbine or compressor modules in the presence of friction joints. This collaboration produced fruitful results providing a family of numerical solvers with the goal of foreseeing the safety margins against High Cycle Fatigue failure. Softwares are therefore intended as design tools to exploit the damping effect of joints by controlling geometrical features, materials and contact loads. Contact models, reduction techniques to handle complex blade geometries modeled by Finite Element softwares, and numerical techniques to solve the nonlinear equations of motion are refined to provide the level of vibration amplitude as fast as possible by keeping the representativeness of the physical phenomena that are involved. A reliable compromise between speed and accuracy must be confirmed by several ‘gates’ to pass through during all the simulation process, in particular during pre-processing phase. The objective of this paper is to propose a good practice made of a list of actions to check the goodness of the mathematical basis to obtain reliable results from simulation. Experience gained thanks to the long-lasting collaboration between Politecnico di Torino and GE Avio for the development of the software Policontact provides a case study of an effective synthesis between two requirements that are often opposed to each other: complex mathematical models to simulate the nonlinear forced response of rotating components on one side and a robust, confident implementation of an easy-to-use tool intended for industrial staff with complementary background on the other side.

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