scholarly journals Reductive Smelting of Neutralized Red Mud for Iron Recovery and Produced Pig Iron for Heat-Resistant Castings

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Valeev ◽  
Dmitry Zinoveev ◽  
Alex Kondratiev ◽  
Dmitry Lubyanoi ◽  
Denis Pankratov
Keyword(s):  
Red Mud ◽  
Slag Phase ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Aluminum Production ◽  
Pig Iron ◽  
Iron Recovery ◽  
Furnace Temperature ◽  
Iron Phase ◽  
Low Sulfur Content ◽  
Low Sulfur

The chemical and mineral composition of the red mud from the Ural Aluminum Plant were studied by XRF, XRD, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Experiments on reductive smelting of red mud were carried out in a range of temperatures (1650–1750 °C) to recover iron from the aluminum production waste with maximum efficiency. It was found that it is possible to obtain pig iron with a high content of titanium, phosphorus, and vanadium, and low sulfur content. The efficiency of iron recovery at 1750 °C was found to be around 98%. Thermodynamic calculations were carried out to assist in finding the optimal conditions for the process (e.g., carbon content, furnace temperature, slag liquidus temperature). It was also found that the pig iron phase obtained at 1650 to 1700 °C is not separated from the slag phase into ingot compared with the sample obtained at 1750 °C. Pig iron obtained at 1750 °C can be used to produce molds for the steel-casting equipment.

scholarly journals Influence of Sodium Sulfate Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Roasting of Red Mud Samples with Different Basicity

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1571
Author(s):  
Pavel Grudinsky ◽  
Dmitry Zinoveev ◽  
Denis Pankratov ◽  
Artem Semenov ◽  
Maria Panova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Alumina Production ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Iron Phase ◽  
High Alkalinity

Red mud is an iron-containing waste of alumina production with high alkalinity. A promising approach for its recycling is solid-phase carbothermic roasting in the presence of special additives followed by magnetic separation. The crucial factor of the separation of the obtained iron metallic particles from gangue is sufficiently large iron grains. This study focuses on the influence of Na2SO4 addition on iron grain growth during carbothermic roasting of two red mud samples with different (CaO + MgO)/(SiO2 + Al2O3) ratio of 0.46 and 1.21, respectively. Iron phase distribution in the red mud and roasted samples were investigated in detail by Mössbauer spectroscopy method. Based on thermodynamic calculations and results of multifactorial experiments, the optimal conditions for the roasting of the red mud samples with (CaO + MgO)/(SiO2 + Al2O3) ratio of 0.46 and 1.21 were duration of 180 min with the addition of 13.65% Na2SO4 at 1150 °C and 1350 °C followed by magnetic separation that led to 97% and 83.91% of iron recovery, as well as 51.6% and 83.7% of iron grade, respectively. The mechanism of sodium sulfate effect on iron grain growth was proposed. The results pointed out that Na2SO4 addition is unfavorable for the red mud carbothermic roasting compared with other alkaline sulfur-free additives.

Deactivation of Red Mud by Primary Aluminum Production Wastes

2021 ◽  
Vol 1040 ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
V.Yu. Piirainen ◽  
A.A. Barinkova ◽  
V.N. Starovoytov ◽  
V.M. Barinkov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Aluminum Production ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Primary Aluminum Production ◽  
Knowledge Intensive

Current global environmental challenges and, above all, global warming associated with a change in the carbon balance in the atmosphere has led to the need for urgent and rapid search for ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, which primarily include carbon dioxide as a by-product of human activity and technological progress. One of these ways is the creation of industries with a complete cycle of turnover of carbon dioxide. Aluminum is the most sought-after nonferrous metal in the world, but its production is not environmentally safe, so it constantly requires the development of knowledge-intensive technologies to improve the technological process of cleaning and disposal of production waste, primarily harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Another environmental problem related to aluminum production is the formation and accumulation in mud lagoon of huge amounts of so-called highly alkaline "red mud," which is a waste product of natural bauxite raw material processing into alumina - the feedstock for aluminum production. Commonly known resources and technological methods of neutralizing red mud and working with it as ore materials for further extraction of useful components are still not used because of their low productivity and cost-effectiveness. This article describes the negative impact of waste in the form of "red" mud and carbon dioxide of primary aluminum production on the environment. The results showed that thanks to carbonization of red mud using carbon dioxide, it is possible to achieve rapid curing and its compact formation for safer transportation and storage until further use. Strength tests of concrete samples filled with deactivated red mud were also carried out, which showed the prospects of using concrete with magnesia binder.

Investigation of the qualities of some promising oils of the Absheron oil and gas region

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Yu.A. Abdulayeva ◽  
◽  
N.H. Alekperova ◽  
S.B. Logmanova ◽  
N.F. Kafarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Hydrocarbon Composition ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Group I ◽  
Oil Fractions ◽  
Low Sulfur Content ◽  
Selective Refining ◽  
Low Sulfur

The article presents the characteristics of characteristic oils of the Apsheron oil and gas region, as well as the hydrocarbon composition of light and oil fractions. Oils of the Apsheron oil and gas region in terms of light fractions, sulfur content, and density are comparable to marketing grades of oils. The standards for prices are: graded crude oil WTI, Light Sweet, Brent, and Russian oils Sokol, Urals, Siberian Light are approaching them. We have studied in detail the yields and hydrocarbon composition of light and oil fractions of oils from the Apsheron oil and gas region. To obtain oils with a high viscosity index, studies were carried out to change the structure of oil fractions using hydrogen using the example of oil fractions of Azeri oil. Due to the significant content of aromatic hydrocarbons, schemes for the processing of oil fractions have been developed, including selective purification of distillates, dewaxing (except for Guneshli oil), as well as hydrocatalytic treatment in a severe mode in the presence of industrial Russian catalysts. As a result, it was possible to obtain API group I oils, according to the viscosity classification corresponding to SAE 20 and SAE 30. Thus, a study of the qualities and hydrocarbon composition of oils from the Absheron oil and gas region showed that these oils are characterized by a high content of light fractions, low density, and low sulfur content. According to these indicators, these oils correspond to the marker oils. In order to obtain base oils with a viscosity index of ≥90 and an aromatic hydrocarbon content of ≥10, a traditional refining method was used: selective refining, dewaxing, and severe hydrotreating.

Crystallization of Vulcanized Rubber

1941 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Bekkedahl ◽  
Lawrence A. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Single Exception ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Low Sulfur Content ◽  
Low Sulfur

Abstract The formation of crystals at room temperature by stretching rubber, vulcanized or unvulcanized, has been the subject of considerable study. The crystallization of unstretched rubber at low temperatures is also well known, but with a single exception to be discussed later, the effect has commonly been considered to be limited to the unvulcanized material. In the present investigation, however, the crystallization of unstretched specimens of vulcanized rubber of low sulfur content has been accomplished. In commercial vulcanized rubber products, crystallization has not hitherto been recognized as a factor of practical importance. It is probably significant in cold climates, where some rubber products slowly undergo a great increase in rigidity and permanent set. Automobile traffic counters, for example, have been rendered inoperative by the hardening of the rubber tubing used with them. Laboratory tubing and other products made of a number of different commercial rubber compounds have become rigid after storage for some weeks in a refrigerator at about 0° C. Previous work on unvulcanized rubber showed that it can be crystallized at temperatures between + 10° and −40° C, the crystals melting in a range from about 6° to 16° C. Crystallization and fusion are accompanied by changes in volume, heat capacity, light absorption, birefringence, x-ray diffraction, and mechanical properties such as hardness. x-Ray diffraction and birefringence, of course, give the most direct evidence of crystalline structure, but in the present work change of volume, measured in a mercury-filled dilatometer, was chosen as the criterion of crystallization or fusion. Quantitative results are more easily obtained in this manner, and the experimental observations are simple. Furthermore, the method is well adapted to continuous observations over long periods of time, such as were found necessary in the present work.

Evaluation of the thermal properties of diesel oil with low sulfur content

2017 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 697-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila G. D. Peixoto ◽  
Valter J. Fernandes ◽  
Ana C. F. Coriolano ◽  
Renkel R. Araujo ◽  
Glauber J. T. Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Low Sulfur Content ◽  
Low Sulfur

Reduction of Composite Pellet Containing Indonesia Lateritic Iron Ore as Raw Material for Producing TWDI

2013 ◽  
Vol 281 ◽  
pp. 490-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adji Kawigraha ◽  
Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono ◽  
Sri Harjanto ◽  
Pramusanto
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pig Iron ◽  
Blast Furnace Process ◽  
Composite Pellet ◽  
Furnace Process ◽  
Iron Phase ◽  
Reductive Atmosphere ◽  
Reduced Pellets

Blast furnace process is still an important process for producing pig iron. The process needs high grade iron ore and coke. The two materials can not be found easily. In addition blast furnace process needs cooking and sintering plant that produces polluted gases. Utilization of composite pellet for pig iron production can simplify process. The pellet is made of iron ore and coal. In addition the pellet can be made from other iron source and coal. This paper discusses the evolution of phase during reduction of composite pellet containing lateritic iron ore. Fresh iron ore and coal were ground to 140 mesh separately. They were mixed and pelletized. The quantity of coal added was varied from 0 %, 20 % and 29 % of pellet weight. Pellets were heated with 10 °C/minute to 1100 °C, 1200 °C, 1300 °C and 1350 °C in a tube furnace and temperature was held during 10 minutes. Heated pellets were analyzed with XRD equipment. XRD of reduced pellets showed that iron phase change with coal and temperature. Lack of coal during heating results the re-oxidation of iron phases. This process is due to replacement of reductive atmosphere by oxidative atmosphere.

Bayern`s Method of Al2O3 Production – Possibilities of Red Mud Disposal and Utilization

2011 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariola Saternus
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Iron Recovery ◽  
Alumina Production ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Primary Aluminium

Bayern`s method is the first stage of obtaining primary aluminium. The product of this process is alumina. The paper presents how much alumina was produced in the last couple of years and who were its leading producers. As the main ore for alumina production is bauxite; it was necessary to describe its characteristics: chemical composition and types of bauxites. Short description of the method (digestion, precipitation and calcination) was presented. During this process a lot of pollution is usually emitted to the atmosphere, but mostly a lot of red mud is generated. This is the main waste of the process, which at the same time is very harmful to the environment. The ways red mud is disposed or utilized were reviewed. Two kinds of red mud disposal are known: wet and dry disposal. Both were characterized and their advantages and disadvantages were outlined. The possibilities of red mud utilization were shown. The focus was put on iron recovery or recovery of compounds such as Al2O3 or TiO2. The use of red mud in building materials was discussed. Radioactivity of such materials was also analyzed. Possibility of red mud utilization as a pigment and radiopaque material was also mentioned.

The Torsional Properties of Normal and Sulfur-Enriched Wool Fibers

1969 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Armstrong ◽  
M. Feughelman
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Constant Degree ◽  
Wool Fibers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
Low Sulfur Content ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Torsional Properties

The mechanical properties in torsion of single wool fibers of biologically produced high- and low-sulfur content have been studied to determine the effects on torsional behavior. The modulus of rigidity and the torsional relaxation, i.e., the decay in torque with time at a constant degree of twist, were determined in fibers tested in glycerol (~0% RH), distilled water, and aqueous solutions of HCl at pH 0.8, 1.8, and 2.9. The sulfur content had no significant effect on the modulus of ridigidy or on the magnitude of the torsional relaxation of dry fibers. Again, for fibers tested in distilled water, no significant effect of sulfur content on the modulus of rigidity was observed, but the percent decay in torque was measurably affected. The decay in torque in 1 hr for fibers of normal wool amounted to 23% of the initial torque and that for fibers of sulfur-enriched wool amounted to 15%. This difference in torsional relaxation behavior of wet fibers of the two wools was not thought to be due to the difference in sulfur content but may partly be linked with the aspartic acid content of the two wools. The modulus of rigidity and the torsional relaxation of fibers in aqueous HCl decreased with decreasing pH to as little as one third of the values obtained in distilled water, presumably due to the breaking of salt links, the decrease being greater for the sulfur-enriched wools.

Possibilities of iron recovery from red mud

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Mariola SATERNUS
Keyword(s):  
Red Mud ◽  
Iron Recovery
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