scholarly journals Determination of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Salmonella from Commercial Poultry as Influenced by Microbiological Culture and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1319
Author(s):  
Xi Wang ◽  
W. Evan Chaney ◽  
Hilary O. Pavlidis ◽  
James P. McGinnis ◽  
J. Allen Byrd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Lower Resistance

Monitoring antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens in poultry is critical for food safety. We aimed to compare antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in Salmonella isolated from poultry samples as influenced by isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. Salmonella isolates were cultured from a convenience sample of commercial broiler ceca with and without selective broth enrichment, and resistance phenotypes were determined for 14 antimicrobials using the Sensititre® platform and a qualitative broth breakpoint assay. The broth breakpoint method reported higher resistance to chloramphenicol, sulfisoxazole, and the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, and lower resistance to streptomycin as compared to the Sensititre® assay in trial one. Selective enrichment of samples containing Salmonella in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth reported lowered detectable resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, nalidixic acid, and meropenem, and increased resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline than direct-plating samples in trial one. Using matched isolates in trial two, the Sensititre® assay reported higher resistance to chloramphenicol and gentamicin, and lower resistance to nalidixic acid as compared to the broth breakpoint method. These results suggest methodology is a critical consideration in the detection and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in Salmonella isolates from poultry samples and could affect the accuracy of population or industry surveillance insights and intervention strategies.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Foodborne Pathogens in Sentinel Dairy Farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
S. A. Baluka ◽  
L.N. Musisi ◽  
L. S. Y. Buyinza ◽  
F. Ejobi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Fecal Samples

Dairy cattle are common carriers of important foodborne pathogens. Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni are among the commonest causes of foodborne diseases. The high prevalence of microbial infections is escalating antimicrobial usage in human health and for growth promotion and prophylaxis in animal health. Overuse of antimicrobials is increasing antimicrobial residues in animal source foods and accelerating antimicrobial resistance. The study collected 184 samples from 33 dairy farms and assessed the prevalence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni and their AMR. Sample inoculation for bacterial isolation was by agar surface streaking method and broth dilution. Escherichia coli was isolated on Chromogenic Coliform agar at 37°C for 24 hour forming dark blue colonies confirmed by Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer and Citrate biochemical tests. Escherichia coli antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by a single disc diffusion method against eight standard antibiotics. Sensitive, Intermediate and Resistant system was used for reporting antimicrobial susceptibility testing results. Escherichia coli was isolated in 21.7% samples, Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella were absent. Escherichia coli was isolated in fecal samples from 48.5% of study farms, 56.9% of fecal and 4.8% of water samples and not isolated in all milk samples tested. All Escherichia coli isolates were susceptible to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime but 9 were resistant to ampicillin, oxacillin, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone, produced 4 penicillinase and 1 beta-lactamase while 4 didn’t exhibit any specific resistance mechanism. Aminoglycosides, quinolones, and furans showed no resistance. When stratified by sample, 7 fecal Escherichia coli isolates showed resistance compared to 2 water isolates. All fecal and water isolates were resistant to oxacillin. The majority of Beta-lactamase and penicillinase producing isolates were from fecal samples. Oxacillin was widely resisted hence it should not be used in routine treatment of bacterial infections to avoid treatment failures. All Escherichia coli isolates were susceptible to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime, 9 were resistant to ampicillin, oxacillin, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone, produced 4 penicillinase and 1 beta-lactamase. Aminoglycosides, quinolones, and furans showed no resistance. There is a need to conduct continuous professional development training programmes for veterinarians and veterinary paraprofessionals to promote prudent use of antimicrobials. Access and use of gentamycin, ciproflaxacin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime by dairy farmers and unqualified people should be restricted to prevent or delay resistance to these four.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Grain-Fed Veal Meat from Southern Ontario, Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1245-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANGELA COOK ◽  
RICHARD J. REID-SMITH ◽  
REBECCA J. IRWIN ◽  
SCOTT A. McEWEN ◽  
VIRGINIA YOUNG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Testing Resistance ◽  
Resistance Patterns

This study estimated the prevalence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli isolates in fresh retail grain-fed veal obtained in Ontario, Canada. The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns were examined for points of public health significance. Veal samples (n = 528) were collected from February 2003 through May 2004. Twenty-one Salmonella isolates were recovered from 18 (4%) of 438 samples and underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was found in 6 (29%) of 21 Salmonella isolates; 5 (24%) of 21 isolates were resistant to five or more antimicrobials. No resistance to antimicrobials of very high human health importance was observed. Ampicillin-chloramphenicol-streptomycin-sulfamethoxazole-tetracycline resistance was found in 5 (3%) of 21 Salmonella isolates. Campylobacter isolates were recovered from 5 (1%) of 438 samples; 6 isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was documented in 3 (50%) of 6 Campylobacter isolates. No Campylobacter isolates were resistant to five or more antimicrobials or category I antimicrobials. E. coli isolates were recovered from 387 (88%) of 438 samples; 1,258 isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was found in 678 (54%) of 1,258 E. coli isolates; 128 (10%) of 1,258 were resistant to five or more antimicrobials. Five (0.4%) and 7 (0.6%) of 1,258 E. coli isolates were resistant to ceftiofur and ceftriaxone, respectively, while 34 (3%) of 1,258 were resistant to nalidixic acid. Ciprofloxacin resistance was not detected. There were 101 different resistance patterns observed among E. coli isolates; resistance to tetracycline alone (12.7%, 161 of 1,258) was most frequently observed. This study provides baseline prevalence and antimicrobial resistance data and highlights potential public health concerns.

scholarly journals Low-level antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the nares of pig-exposed persons

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 686-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. FISCHER ◽  
K. HILLE ◽  
A. MELLMANN ◽  
F. SCHAUMBURG ◽  
L. KREIENBROCK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Proteus Vulgaris ◽  
Morganella Morganii ◽  
Ionization Time ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Nasal Swabs

SUMMARYExtended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) have recently emerged in livestock and humans. Therefore, this study assessed the carriage of Enterobacteriaceae in the anterior nares and associated antimicrobial resistance in pig-exposed persons. Nasal swabs were enriched in non-selective broth and then plated on MacConkey and ESBL-selective agars. Species was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. Of 114 pig-exposed persons tested, Enterobacteriaceae were detected in the nares of 76 (66·7%) participants. The predominant species were Proteus mirabilis (n = 17, 14·9%), Pantoea agglomerans (n = 13, 11·4%), Morganella morganii (n = 9, 7·9%), Citrobacter koseri (n = 9, 7·9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris (each n = 8, 7·0%). ESBL-E were not detected. Of all isolates tested, 3·4% were resistant against ciprofloxacin, 2·3% against gentamicin, 23·9% against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 44·3% against tigecycline. Despite the high prevalence of ESBL-E in livestock, pig-exposed persons did not carry ESBL-E in their nares. This finding is important, because colonization of the nasal reservoir might cause endogenous infections or facilitate transmission of ESBL-E in the general population.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolates Recovered from Retail Pork in Major Village Markets in Tai'an Region, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1635-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengmin Miao ◽  
Song Li ◽  
Kun Qin ◽  
Yufa Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Pork Samples

ABSTRACT The current study was undertaken to evaluate Salmonella contamination in retail pork at major village markets of the Tai'an region, China. In total, 200 retail pork samples were collected from four village markets between June 2015 and February 2016, of which 69 samples (34.5%) were determined to be positive for Salmonella. Eleven serotypes were identified from the 69 Salmonella isolates, and Salmonella Derby was the most common (18 of 69, 26.1%), followed by Typhimurium (17 of 69, 24.6%) and Meleagridis (11 of 69, 15.9%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that antimicrobial resistance against tetracycline was the most prevalent (42 of 69, 60.9%), but antimicrobial resistance against both ceftriaxone and cefotaxime was 1.4% (1 of 69) and 2.9% (2 of 69), respectively. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that the 69 Salmonella isolates were divided into 11 sequence types (STs), among which ST40 (18 of 69, 26.1%) was the most common, followed by ST34 (15 of 69, 21.7%) and ST64 (13 of 69, 18.8%). Collectively, retail pork at village markets in the Tai'an region has a high Salmonella contamination rate, and these isolates exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance. However, the absence of a dominant ST demonstrates that the Salmonella isolates from retail pork may be of diverse origins.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in the South African private sector report for 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Olga Perovic ◽  
Husna Ismail ◽  
Erika Van Schalkwyk ◽  
Warren Lowman ◽  
Elizabeth Prentice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Action ◽  
High Level

Aim: The relevance of surveillance for antimicrobial resistance is increasingly recognised in the light of a global action plan to combat resistance. This report presents antimicrobial susceptibility testing on ESKAPE pathogens from private sector laboratories in South Africa for 2016.Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) performed on ESKAPE organisms (Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli) isolated from blood cultures at four private pathology laboratories in 2016 were analysed. Analysis and reporting of data were done via a uniform platform created by the NICD for national AST data.Results: AST were reported on 9 029 ESKAPE organisms including 58% Enterobacteriaceae, 28% Gram-positive bacteria and 14% Gram-negative bacteria and drug-bug combination was performed following the Global Antimicrobial Surveillance System (GLASS) guidelines by the World Health Organization.Conclusions: The most important resistance to address is a high level of ESBL in Enterobacteriaceae, which necessitates the use of carbapenems for treatment. Resistance to carbapenems is recorded in this report but not confirmation of genes by genotypic methods. During this period, no increase in vancomycin-resistant Enterococci was observed.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Clostridium difficile among hospitalized diarrheal patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262597
Author(s):  
Tebelay Dilnessa ◽  
Alem Getaneh ◽  
Workagegnehu Hailu ◽  
Feleke Moges ◽  
Baye Gelaw
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Prevalence Study ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Pooled Prevalence

Background Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea that develops in patients after hospitalization during antibiotic administration. It has also become a big issue in community-acquired diarrhea. The emergence of hypervirulent strains of C. difficile poses a major problem in hospital-associated diarrhea outbreaks and it is difficult to treat. The antimicrobial resistance in C. difficile has worsened due to the inappropriate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics including cephalosporins, clindamycin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones together with the emergence of hypervirulent strains. Objective To estimate the pooled prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of C. difficile derived from hospitalized diarrheal patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed to review published studies conducted. We searched bibliographic databases from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library for studies on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility testing on C. difficile. The weighted pooled prevalence and resistance for each antimicrobial agent was calculated using a random-effects model. A funnel plot and Egger’s regression test were used to see publication bias. Results A total of 15 studies were included. Ten articles for prevalence study and 5 additional studies for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of C. difficile were included. A total of 1967/7852 (25%) C. difficile were isolated from 10 included studies for prevalence study. The overall weighted pooled proportion (WPP) of C. difficile was 30% (95% CI: 10.0–49.0; p<0.001). The analysis showed substantial heterogeneity among studies (Cochran’s test = 7038.73, I2 = 99.87%; p<0.001). The weighed pooled antimicrobial resistance (WPR) were: vancomycin 3%(95% CI: 1.0–4.0, p<0.001); metronidazole 5%(95% CI: 3.0–7.0, p<0.001); clindamycin 61%(95% CI: 52.0–69.0, p<0.001); moxifloxacin 42%(95% CI: 29–54, p<0.001); tetracycline 35%(95% CI: 22–49, p<0.001); erythromycin 61%(95% CI: 48–75, p<0.001) and ciprofloxacin 64%(95% CI: 48–80; p< 0.001) using the random effect model. Conclusions A higher weighted pooled prevalence of C. difficile was observed. It needs a great deal of attention to decrease the prevailing prevalence. The resistance of C. difficile to metronidazole and vancomycin was low compared to other drugs used to treat C. difficile infection. Periodic antimicrobial resistance monitoring is vital for appropriate therapy of C. difficile infection.

scholarly journals Nasal carriage rate and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus among the food handlers in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Šegalo ◽  
Daniel Maestro ◽  
Zarema Obradović ◽  
Anes Jogunčić
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Carriage Rate

Introduction: The nasals and hand carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in food handlers (FHs) represent a significant source of Staphylococcal food contamination and food poisoning. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a microorganism’s ability to resist the action of one or more antimicrobial agents. S. aureus has demonstrated the ability to rapidly respond to each new antimicrobial with the development of a resistance mechanism. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of nasal carriage rate and AMR pattern of isolated strains S. aureus among FHs in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods: The retrospective study included laboratory results of 11.139 tested subjects between January 2014 and December 2018. The study was conducted in the laboratory of the Institute of Public Health of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo. Samples of nasal swabs were collected from FHs, employees in companies located in Canton Sarajevo, during sanitary surveillance prescribed by applicable legal standards. S. aureus isolates were identified according to conventional microbiological methods and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the agar disk diffusion method according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 2013 standard. Results: Among the 11.138 subjects, 792 (7.1%) were carriers of S. aureus. Isolated strains were tested on eight different antibiotics, and the resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin was 788 (99.5%), 776 (97.9%), and 752 (94.9%), retrospectively. In total, 86.36% of isolated strains were multidrug-resistant. Conclusions: The low percentage of S. aureus carriers indicates that preventive measures of carrier control are being actively implemented within the legally prescribed measures. The emergence of numerous isolated strains with multidrug-resistance characteristics is a significant public health problem and consequently limits the range of antibiotics available for therapeutic purposes. The results of this research indicate that AMR has increased in Sarajevo Canton and it is following the trend of global growth.

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