Characterization of Different Salt Forms of Chitooligosaccharides and Their Effects on Nitric Oxide Secretion by Macrophages

In this paper, chitooligosaccharides in different salt forms, such as chitooligosaccharide lactate, citrate, adipate, etc., were prepared by the microwave method. They were characterized by SEM, FTIR, NMR, etc., and the nitric oxide (NO) expression was determined in RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that pure chitooligosaccharide was an irregular spherical shape with rough surface, and its different salt type products are amorphous solid with different honeycomb sizes. In addition to the characteristic absorption peaks of chitooligosaccharides, in FTIR, the characteristic absorption of carboxyl group, methylene group, and aromatic group in corresponding acid appeared. The characteristic absorption peaks of carbon in carboxyl group, hydrogen and carbon in methyl, methylene group, and aromatic group in corresponding acid also appeared in NMR. Therefore, the sugar ring structure and linking mode of chitooligosaccharides did not change after salt formation of chitooligosaccharides. Different salt chitooligosaccharides are completely different in promoting NO secretion by macrophages, and pure chitooligosaccharides are the best.

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Comparing the protective effects of resveratrol, curcumin and sulforaphane against LPS/IFN-γ-mediated inflammation in doxorubicin-treated macrophages

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80804-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Haidy A. Saleh ◽

Eman Ramdan ◽

Mohey M. Elmazar ◽

Hassan M. E. Azzazy ◽

Anwar Abdelnaser

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Inos Mrna ◽

No Production ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Ifn Γ

AbstractDoxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy is associated with the release of inflammatory cytokines from macrophages. This has been suggested to be, in part, due to DOX-mediated leakage of endotoxins from gut microflora, which activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in macrophages, causing severe inflammation. However, the direct function of DOX on macrophages is still unknown. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that DOX alone is incapable of stimulating inflammatory response in macrophages. Then, we compared the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin (CUR), resveratrol (RES) and sulforaphane (SFN) against lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma (LPS/IFN-γ)-mediated inflammation in the absence or presence of DOX. For this purpose, RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS/IFN-γ (10 ng/mL/10 U/mL) in the absence or presence of DOX (0.1 µM). Our results showed that DOX alone is incapable of stimulating an inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, after 24 h of incubation with LPS/IFN-γ, a significant increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels was observed. Similarly, nitric oxide (NO) production and TNF-α and IL-6 protein levels were significantly upregulated. Moreover, in LPS/IFN-γ-treated macrophages, the microRNAs (miRNAs) miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-21 were significantly overexpressed. Interestingly, upon testing CUR, RES, and SFN against LPS/IFN-γ-mediated inflammation, only SFN was able to significantly reverse the LPS/IFN-γ-mediated induction of iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6 and attenuate miR-146a and miR-155 levels. In conclusion, SFN, at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, exhibits potent immunomodulatory action against LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated macrophages, which may indicate SFN as a potential treatment for DOX-associated inflammation.

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In Vitro Model of Mycobacterial Growth Arrest Using Nitric Oxide with Limited Air

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00442-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 157-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Syed Hussain ◽

Muhammad Malik ◽

Lanbo Shi ◽

Maria Laura Gennaro ◽

Karl Drlica

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Transition Period ◽

Time Lag ◽

Growth Arrest ◽

Ring Structure ◽

Time Lags ◽

Vitro Model ◽

Mycobacterial Growth

ABSTRACT An in vitro model of mycobacterial growth arrest was developed using Mycobacterium bovis BCG. When an exponentially growing culture was transferred to an evacuated tube, growth continued; treatment with a source of nitric oxide (diethylenetriamine-nitric oxide adduct [DETA-NO] at 50 μM) halted growth immediately, and aeration restored growth. When the period of growth arrest exceeded 4 h, a time lag occurred before aeration could restore growth. The lag time was maximal (24 h) after 16 h of growth arrest. These time lags indicated that one transition period was required for cells to achieve full arrest of growth and another for them to recover fully from growth arrest. DETA-NO-induced growth arrest failed to protect from the lethal effects of anaerobic shock, which caused rapid lysis of both growing and growth-arrested cells. While growth arrest had little effect on the lethal action of rifampin, it eliminated isoniazid lethality. Growth arrest reduced but did not eliminate fluoroquinolone lethality. Two fluoroquinolones, moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin, were equally lethal to exponentially growing cells, but moxifloxacin was more active during growth arrest. This difference is attributed to the fluoroquinolone C-7 ring structure, the only difference between the compounds. Collectively these data characterize a new system for halting mycobacterial growth that may be useful for evaluating new antituberculosis agents.

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Phaseolin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Cells and Zebrafish

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9040420 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 420

Author(s):

Su-Jung Hwang ◽

Ye-Seul Song ◽

Hyo-Jong Lee

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Nuclear Translocation ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Network Pharmacology ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Bioactive Constituents

Kushen (Radix Sophorae flavescentis) is used to treat ulcerative colitis, tumors, and pruritus. Recently, phaseolin, formononetin, matrine, luteolin, and quercetin, through a network pharmacology approach, were tentatively identified as five bioactive constituents responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of S. flavescentis. However, the role of phaseolin (one of the primary components of S. flavescentis) in the direct regulation of inflammation and inflammatory processes is not well known. In this study, the beneficial role of phaseolin against inflammation was explored in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation models of RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish larvae. Phaseolin inhibited LPS-mediated production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), without affecting cell viability. In addition, phaseolin suppressed pro-inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, phaseolin reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity as well as macrophage adhesion in vitro and the recruitment of leukocytes in vivo by downregulating Ninjurin 1 (Ninj1), an adhesion molecule. Finally, phaseolin inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). In view of the above, our results suggest that phaseolin could be a potential therapeutic candidate for the management of inflammation.

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A New Flavonol From Saussurea involucrata With Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x211007638 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 1934578X2110076

Author(s):

Sheng Pan ◽

Zi-Guan Zhu

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Spectroscopic Methods ◽

Soluble Extract ◽

Saussurea Involucrata ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

A new flavonol named 6-(2'',3''-epoxy-3''-methylbutyl)-resokaempferol (1), together with five known compounds (2-6) were isolated from the EtOAc-soluble extract of the aerial part of Saussurea involucrata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α in vitro. Among them, compound 1 showed potential inhibitory activity on the production of NO and TNF-α in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values of 48.0 ± 1.5 and 41.4 ± 1.7 µM, respectively.

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The methanol extract of Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora root inhibits the generation of nitric oxide and superoxide in RAW 264.7 cells

Journal of Ethnopharmacology ◽

10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00101-4 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 68 (1-3) ◽

pp. 209-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Hong-Seob So ◽

RaeKil Park ◽

Hyun-Mee Oh ◽

Hyun-Ock Pae ◽

Jae-Hyung Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Raw 264.7

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Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Synthetic Chalcone Derivatives: Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase-Catalyzed Nitric Oxide Production from Lipopolysaccharide-Treated RAW 264.7 Cells

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin ◽

10.1248/bpb.30.1450 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 30 (8) ◽

pp. 1450-1455 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Young Hoon Kim ◽

Jeongsoo Kim ◽

Haeil Park ◽

Hyun Pyo Kim

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽

Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Nitric Oxide Production ◽

Oxide Production ◽

Oxide Synthase ◽

Inducible Nitric Oxide

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Sesquiterpenes from Curcuma wenyujin with their inhibitory activities on nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells

Natural Product Research ◽

10.1080/14786419.2016.1205053 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 548-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Suyu Gao ◽

Guiyang Xia ◽

Liqing Wang ◽

Li Zhou ◽

Feng Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Nitric Oxide Production ◽

Oxide Production ◽

Inhibitory Activities

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Eudesmane-Type Sesquiterpenes fromCurcuma phaeocaulisand Their Inhibitory Activities on Nitric Oxide Production in RAW 264.7 Cells

European Journal of Organic Chemistry ◽

10.1002/ejoc.201402465 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 (25) ◽

pp. 5540-5548 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yue Liu ◽

Jianghao Ma ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Paul Owusu Donkor ◽

Qin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Nitric Oxide Production ◽

Oxide Production ◽

Inhibitory Activities

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Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Soroseris hirsuta Extract by regulating iNOS/NF-κB and NRF2/HO-1 Pathways in Murine Macrophage RAW 264.7 Cells

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11104711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 4711

Author(s):

Woo Jin Lee ◽

Wan Yi Li ◽

Sang Woo Lee ◽

Sung Keun Jung

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Nuclear Translocation ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Related Factor ◽

Iκb Kinase ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Antioxidant Effects

Until now, the physiological effects of Soroseris hirsuta were primarily unknown. Here we have evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Soroseris hirsuta extract (SHE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 cells. SHE inhibited nitric oxide expression and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 cells treated with LPS. Moreover, SHE suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκB kinase, inhibitor of kappa B, p65, p38, and c-JUN N-terminal kinase. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses showed that SHE suppressed p65 nuclear translocation induced by LPS. Furthermore, SHE inhibited the reactive oxygen species in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. SHE significantly increased heme oxygenase-1 expression and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. SHE suppressed LPS-induced interleukin-1β mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Thus, SHE is a promising nutraceutical as it displays anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

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