Essential Oil Composition and Bioactivity of Two Juniper Species from Bulgaria and Slovakia

Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb and J. sabina L. contain essential oil (EO), while J. sabina also contains podophyllotoxin, which is used as a precursor for anti-cancer drugs. Two studies were conducted. The first assessed the variability in the EO profile and podophyllotoxin concentration of the two junipers, depending on the location and tree gender. The main EO constituents of J. excelsa were α-cedrol, α-limonene and α-pinene, while the constituents in J. sabina were sabinene, terpinen-4-ol, myrtenyl acetate and α-cadinol. The podophyllotoxin yield of 18 J. sabina accessions was 0.07–0.32% (w/w), but this was not found in any of the J. excelsa accessions. The second study assessed the effect of hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) and steam distillation (in a semi-commercial apparatus) on the EO profile and bioactivity. The extraction type did not significantly alter the EO composition. The EO profiles of the two junipers and their accessions were different and may be of interest to the industry utilizing juniper leaf EO. Breeding and selection programs could be developed with the two junipers (protected species) in order to identify chemotypes with (1) a high EO content and desirable composition, and (2) a high concentration of podophyllotoxin in J. sabina. Such chemotypes could be established as agricultural crops for the commercial production of podophyllotoxin and EO.

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Essential Oil Composition of the Different Parts of Eryngium aquifolium from Spain

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1000500529 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 1934578X1000500 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jesús Palá-Paúl ◽

Jaime Usano-Alemany ◽

Joseph J. Brophy ◽

María J. Pérez-Alonso ◽

Ana-Cristina Soria

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Volatile Composition ◽

Percentage Composition ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Germacrene D ◽

Different Parts

The essential oils from the different parts [inflorescences (E.a.I), stems + leaves (E.a.SL) and roots (E.a.R)] of E. aquifolium Cav. gathered in Cádiz (Spain), have been extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Quantitative and qualitative differences have been found between the analyzed plant parts. A total of 107 compounds have been identified. The main constituents were germacrene D (30.3%) and sesquicineole (26.7%) for E.a.I fraction, germacrene D (46.0%) and myrcene (13.8%) in the E.a.SL, while E.a.R showed phyllocladene isomer (63.6%) as a unique major compound. The percentage composition of the other constituents was lower than 5.5% in all the analyzed fractions. In agreement with other Eryngium species, no specific compound could be used as a marker for the chemotaxonomy of E. aquifolium. However, similarities in volatile composition were found between E. aquifolium and other species growing under similar environmental conditions. As far as we know, this is the first report on the essential oil of this species.

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Effects drying and harvest season on the essential oil composition from foliage and berries of Juniperus excelsa

Industrial Crops and Products ◽

10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.03.003 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 83-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Parvin Salehi Shanjani ◽

Mehdi Mirza ◽

Mohsen Calagari ◽

Robert P. Adams

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Juniperus Excelsa

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Effects of applied nitrogen fertiliser on the chemical composition of the essential oil of three Leptospermum spp

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9900681 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 681 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

E Diatloff

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Native Species ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Native Plants ◽

Optimal Level ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Oil Components ◽

Oil Density ◽

Infertile Soils

Three native species of Leptospermum (L. petersonii, L. Flavescens, L. luehmannii) were grown in an amended podsolic soil under 4 nitrogen (N) levels, 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg Nha, supplied as NH4N03. Plants were harvested after 16 weeks growth, leaves were separated from stems, and essential oil was distilled from leaves by steam distillation. Extracted oils were analysed for their components by gas chromatography. Oil density from L. petersonii was also determined. Growth and oil yield of the 3 Leptospermum species showed no response to N fertilisation. However, the oil composition in L. petersonii and L. flavescens leaves was affected. The greatest response was in the geranial and citronella1 contents in L. petersonii, which peaked in the 40 kg N/ha treatment. This is the first known report of the manipulation of essential oil composition of Australian native plants by N fertilisation. The low optimal level of N fertiliser required for maximum production of valuable oil components indicates that Leptospermum spp. are suitable for infertile soils. The low �-pinene yield of L. luehmannii makes it unsuitable for commercial exploitation.

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INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING TIME ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF ABIES KOREANA TWIGS

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i12.15056 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 205

Author(s):

Min Seo ◽

Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan ◽

Songmun Kim

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Bornyl Acetate ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Harvesting Time ◽

Abies Koreana ◽

Essential Oil Yield

Objective: In the present study, the influence of harvesting time (April, June, August and October 2015) on the essential oil composition of Abies koreana twigs from Korea was investigated.Methods: The essential oil from the twigs of A. koreana was isolated by steam distillation and its chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Results: The essential oil yield was found to vary from 0.76 to 1.20% depending on the month of harvesting. The GC-MS analysis revealed the identification of 26 different essential oil components from the twigs harvested in the months of April, June, August and October, which were mostly monoterpene hydrocarbons (57.63–72.38%) followed by oxygenated monoterpenes (18.82–25.96%). Harvesting time mainly influenced on the concentration of the major components of the essential oil from the twigs of A. koreana. Limonene (17.38–31.13%), bornyl acetate (13.22–21.17%), camphene (12.56–13.26%), α-pinene (11.05–13.02%), β-pinene (4.55–5.70%), 3-carene (5.21–6.43%) and β-eudesmol (1.49–8.24%) were detected as the major components in the essential oil.Conclusion: The main differences between the essential oil compositions of four different months can be referred to limonene and bornyl acetate. The results showed considerable variations in the composition of essential oil, particularly quantitative variation during different harvesting months.

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Essential Oil Composition and Yield of Anise from Different Distillation Times

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.48.11.1393 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 48 (11) ◽

pp. 1393-1396 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Valtcho D. Zheljazkov ◽

Tess Astatkie ◽

Barry O'Brocki ◽

Ekaterina Jeliazkova

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Optimal Time ◽

Oil Composition ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Use ◽

Total Oil ◽

Essential Oil Yield

Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) is a spice, an essential oil crop, and a medicinal plant with a long history of use. Anise seed oil is extracted from anise seed through steam distillation. There is no experimentally established optimal time for distillation of anise seed. We hypothesized that the distillation time (DT) can be customized for optimum yield and composition of anise essential oil. In this study, we determined the effect of nine steam DTs (5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 480 minutes) on essential oil yield and essential oil composition of anise seed. We developed regression models to predict essential oil yield, the concentration of individual constituents, and the yield of these constituents as a function of DT. Highest essential oil yield (2.0 g/100 g seed, 2%) was obtained at 360-minute DT. The concentration of transanethole, the major anise oil constituent, varied from 93.5% to 96.2% (as a percent of the total oil) and generally was high at 15- to 60-minute DT and low at 240- to 480-minute DT. However, the yield of transanethole (calculated from the essential oil yield and the concentration of transanethole in the oil) increased with increasing DT to reach maximum at 360-minute DT. The concentration of the other oil constituents varied significantly depending on the DT, and some of them were higher at the shorter DT than at the longer DT. However, the yields of these constituents were highest at longer DT (either 360 or 480 minutes). DT can be used to obtain anise essential oil with different composition that would benefit the essential oil industry. This study demonstrated the need for providing DT in reports where anise seed essential oil yield and composition are discussed. This article can also be used as a reference point for comparing studies in which different DTs were used to extract essential oil from anise seed.

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Essential Oil Composition of Centaurea sempervirens L. (Asteraceae)

International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research ◽

10.25258/ijpapr.v9i1.8044 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Belbache Hanene ◽

Mechehoud Youcef ◽

Chalchat Jean-Claude ◽

Figueredo Gilles ◽

Chalard Pierre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Oil Composition ◽

First Report ◽

Oxygenated Compounds ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Total Oil

The essential oil of the aerial parts of Centaurea sempervirens L. (Asteraceae), synonym : Cheirolophus sempervirens (L.) Pomel, was obtained by steam distillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. 30 components were identified corresponding to 78.5% of the total oil. Among the identified constituents, oxygenated compounds represented 33.4%, from which 21.2% were hydrocarbons, 10.7% were sesquiterpenes. The non oxygenated compounds were hydrocarbons (9.8%). Phthalates represented 35.3% of the total oil. The major components were 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one (12.4%) and epi-torilenol (5.1%). This is the first report on the chemical composition of the essential oil of this species.

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Essential Oil Content, Composition and Bioactivity of Juniper Species in Wyoming, United States

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1701200215 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 1934578X1701200 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Valtcho D. Zheljazkov ◽

Tess Astatkie ◽

Ekaterina A. Jeliazkova ◽

Bonnie Heidel ◽

Lyn Ciampa

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Oil Content ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Rocky Mountain ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Chemical Profile ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Leaf Essential Oil ◽

Common Juniper

The objective of this study was to evaluate variations in leaf essential oil (EO) content and composition of Juniperus species in the Bighorn Mountains { J. communis L. (common juniper), J. horizontalis Moench. (creeping juniper), and J. scopulorum Sarg. (Rocky Mountain juniper)} in Wyoming, USA. The EO was extracted via steam distillation of fresh leaves (needles). The EO composition of the three Juniper species varied widely. Overall, the essential oil content of fresh leaves was 1.0% (0.4–1.8% range in different accessions) in J. communis, 1.3% (1.2 to 1.6% range) in J. horizontalis, and 1.1% (0.7–1.5% range) in J. scopulorum. The EO chemical profile of J. communis was very different from that of the other two species. The concentration of α-pinene in the oil was 67–80% in J. communis, 2.8–6% in J. horizontalis, and 2.3–13% in J. scopulorum. The concentration of sabinene was 57–61% of the oil of J. horizontalis and 13–59% in oil of J. scopulorum, whereas sabinene was either below 1% or not detected in J. communis. The oils of J. scopulorum and J. horizontalis had higher antioxidant capacity than that of J. communis. The oils of the three junipers did not show significant antimicrobial activity against 10 organisms. The diversity of the essential oil composition of these three junipers may encourage diverse industrial applications of Juniperus leaf essential oil.

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Influence of seeding date and harvest stage on yields and essential oil composition of three cultivars of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) grown in Nova Scotia

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p03-202 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 84 (4) ◽

pp. 1155-1160 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kelly M. Bowes ◽

Valtcho D. Zheljazkov ◽

Claude D. Caldwell ◽

James A. Pincock ◽

Jeffrey C. Roberts

Keyword(s):

Nova Scotia ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Nutrient Requirements ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Anethum Graveolens ◽

Seeding Date ◽

Harvest Dates ◽

Seed Yields

Experiments were conducted in two locations in Nova Scotia, Canning and Truro, during 2001 and 2002 to determine the effect of seeding date and harvest stage on productivity and composition of essential oil from Anethum graveolens L. ‘Mesten, Dukat’ and ‘Hercules’. Delayed seeding generally reduced yields and altered the concentration of some essential oil components. Both dill seed and dill weed oil from this study had compositions similar to commercially available oil and reported dill oil compositions. The seed oil had moderate to high carvone content (17.9–64.0%) as is desired for the international market. Carvone content in oil increased as the plants matured. Lower yields and essential oil yields were obtained from cv. Hercules compared with the other two cultivars. Herbage yields and essential oil content were typical for the plant species; seed yields were below average, but there is potential to increase these yields through different seeding dates, harvest dates and investigation into optimum nutrient requirements. Key words: Dill, Anethum graveolens, Apiaceae, essential oil, hydrodistillation, steam distillation

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Terpenoid Composition of the Essential Oils of Teucrium royleanum and T. quadrifarium

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1000500628 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 1934578X1000500 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lalit Mohan ◽

Charu C. Pant ◽

Anand B. Melkani ◽

Vasu Dev

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Himalayan Region ◽

Chemical Markers ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Remarkable Similarity ◽

Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons ◽

Germacrene D

Teucrium royleanum Wall ex. Benth. and T. quadrifarium Buch.-Ham., growing wild in the Central Himalayan region of Uttarakhand (India), yielded, on steam distillation, 0.07% and 0.09%, respectively of essential oil. The oil samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. By GC, both oil samples showed remarkable similarity with respect to the major peaks. Fifty-seven constituents were identified in both the oils representing 96.0% and 96.6% of the total, respectively. The oils were rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (~76.0%). β-Caryophyllene (23.6% and 38.3%), germacrene D (28.9% and 9.4%), α-humulene (5.7% and 5.9%), linalool (4.8% and 1.5%), and 1-octen-3-ol (8.5% and 0.7%) were common to both oils and were the principal constituents. The genus can be classified into two groups on the basis of the present and previous reports on the essential oil composition and chemical markers.

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Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Garden Sage as a Function of Different Steam Distillation Times

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.49.6.785 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 49 (6) ◽

pp. 785-790 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Valtcho D. Zheljazkov ◽

Tess Astatkie ◽

Santosh Shiwakoti ◽

Shital Poudyal ◽

Thomas Horgan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Oil Composition ◽

High Concentration ◽

Monoterpene Hydrocarbons ◽

Wide Range ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Essential Oil Yield

Garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a medicinal, culinary, ornamental, and essential oil plant with a wide range of ecological adaptation. Garden sage essential oil traditionally is extracted by steam distillation from the above-ground biomass and has widespread applications as an aromatic agent in the food and pharmaceutical industries as well as in perfumery and cosmetics. The hypothesis of this study was that the steam distillation time (DT) may significantly affect essential oil yield and composition of garden sage and, therefore, DT could be used as a tool to obtain oil with different composition. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effect of various steam DTs (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 minutes) on garden sage oil yield and composition. Most of the oil in the garden sage dry herbage was extracted in 10-minute DT; extending DT up to 160 minutes did not significantly increase oil yields. Overall, 39 oil constituents were identified in the garden sage essential oil. Fourteen oil constituents with the highest concentration in the oil were selected for statistical analyses. Monoterpenes represented the major percentage (58.2% to 84.1%) of oil composition followed by sesquiterpenes (4.0% to 16.1%) and diterpenes (0.3% to 7.6%). Overall, the monoterpene hydrocarbons (α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, and limonene) were eluted early in the steam distillation process, which resulted in their high concentration in the oil at 5- to 10-minute DT and relatively low concentrations in the oil obtained at 160-minute DT. In general, the concentration of sesquiterpenes (β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and verdifloral) increased with increasing duration of the DT and reached their respective maximum concentrations in the oil at 160-minute DT. The relative concentrations of major constituents, camphor and cis-thujone, in the oil obtained at 2.5-minute DT were higher than in the oils obtained at longer DT. Therefore, if oil with high concentrations of camphor and cis-thujone is desirable, garden sage dried biomass ought to be steam distilled for 2.5 to 5 minutes and the oil collected. If oil with a high concentration of monoterpene hydrocarbons and a high concentration of oxygenated monoterpenes is desirable, then garden sage should be distilled for 20 minutes. If oil with a high concentration of the diterpene manool is desirable, then garden sage should be steam-distilled for 80 minutes. If oil with a high concentration of sesquiterpenes is desirable, then garden sage should be steam-distilled for 160 minutes. The duration of steam distillation can be used as an economical method to obtain garden sage oil with a different chemical composition. The regression models developed in this study can be used to predict garden sage oil yield and composition distilled for various amounts of time and to compare literature reports in which different durations of DT were used.

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