scholarly journals Inhibition of Bacterial Efflux Pumps by Crude Extracts and Essential Oil from Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Nutmeg) Seeds against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4662
Author(s):  
Thidar Oo ◽  
Bhanubong Saiboonjan ◽  
Sukanya Srijampa ◽  
Arpasiri Srisrattakarn ◽  
Khaetthareeya Sutthanut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Efflux Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Myristica Fragrans Houtt

Myristicafragrans Houtt. (Nutmeg) is a widely known folk medicine across several parts of Asia, particularly used in antimicrobial treatment. Bacterial resistance involves the expression of efflux pump systems (chromosomal norA and mepA) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Crude extract (CE) and essential oil (EO) obtained from nutmeg were applied as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), thereby enhancing the antimicrobial activity of the drugs they were used in. The major substances in CE and EO, which function as EPIs, in a descending order of % peak area include elemicin, myristicin, methoxyeugenol, myristicin, and asarone. Here, we investigated whether the low amount of CE and EO used as EPIs was sufficient to sensitize MRSA killing using the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, which acts as an efflux system. Interestingly, synergy between ciprofloxacin and CE or EO revealed the most significant viability of MRSA, depending on norA and mepA, the latter being responsible for EPI function of EO. Therefore, CE and EO obtained from nutmeg can act as EPIs in combination with substances that act as efflux systems, thereby ensuring that the MRSA strain is susceptible to antibiotic treatment.

Frequency of efflux pump genes mediating ciprofloxacin and antiseptic resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepideh Hassanzadeh ◽  
Rahil Mashhadi ◽  
Masoud Yousefi ◽  
Emran Askari ◽  
Maryam Saniei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Evaluation of Synergistic Antibacterial Effect of Combined Scrophularia striata Extract and Antibiotics Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin -Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-224
Author(s):  
Pari Tamri ◽  
Shabnam Pourmoslemi ◽  
Shirin Moradkhani ◽  
Sahar Foroughinia
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Scrophularia Striata ◽  
New Compounds

Scrophularia. striata from Scrophulariacea family has been used in Iranian folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. In this study we evaluated the synergistic effect of S. striata   hydroalcoholic extract (SSE) and commercially available antibiotics against P. aeroginosa and Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The resazurin-based microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of plan extract and standard antibiotics. The interaction between standard antibiotics and SSE was evaluated by using checkerboard method. The results of this study revealed that SSE enhance the antibacterial activity of antibiotics. The combination of SSE and Vancomycin had synergistic to additive effects against MRSA.  SSE in combination with Gentamicin had synergistic to additive effects against P. aeruginosa. The interaction between Ceftazidime and SSE was additive against P. aeruginosa.  The best result was the synergistic effect between SSE and Piperacillin-Tazobactam against P. aeruginosa. In conclusion the results of this research indicated that S. striata has the potential to enhance the antibacterial activity of antibiotics and could be a source to the designing new compounds with synergistic effect in combination with standard antibiotics.

scholarly journals Antibacterial of Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum burmannii) Essential Oil Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Shinta Levea Ni'matul Fadlilah ◽  
Mustofa Helmi Effendi ◽  
Wiwiek Tyasningsih ◽  
Lucia Tri Suwanti ◽  
Jola Rahmahani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Cinnamon Bark ◽  
Cinnamomum Burmannii

This study aimed to determine the in vitro antibacterial activities of essential oil from cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmannii) on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from raw milk. Essential oil from cinnamon bark obtained from the steam distillation method and essential oil was made in a series dilution with a concentration of 1%, 2%, 4%, and 8%. The antibacterial activities were tested using the disk diffusion method. Results showed from five isolates of MRSA, one isolate was sensitive of essential oil with a concentration 2% and all of the isolate was sensitive with a concentration 4% and 8%. The antibacterial activity showed by inhibition zones on  MRSA. The results suggest that the activity of the essential oils of cinnamon bark has an antibacterial effect on MRSA and it is developed as phytopharmaca.

An Update on Staphylococcus aureus NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 2168-2185
Author(s):  
Kadja Luana Chagas Monteiro ◽  
Thiago Mendonça de Aquino ◽  
Francisco Jaime B. Mendonça Junior
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Efflux Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
Substantial Degree

Background: Methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are pathogens causing severe infectious diseases that pose real public health threats problems worldwide. In S. aureus, the most efficient multidrug-resistant system is the NorA efflux pump. For this reason, it is critical to identify efflux pump inhibitors. Objective: In this paper, we present an update of the new natural and synthetic compounds that act as modulators of antibiotic resistance through the inhibition of the S. aureus NorA efflux pump. Results: Several classes of compounds capable of restoring the antibiotic activity have been identified against resistant-S. aureus strains, acting as NorA efflux pump inhibitors. The most promising classes of compounds were quinolines, indoles, pyridines, phenols, and sulfur-containing heterocycles. However, the substantial degree structural diversity of these compounds makes it difficult to establish good structure- activity correlations that allow the design of compounds with more promising activities and properties. Conclusion: Despite substantial efforts put forth in the search for new antibiotic adjuvants that act as efflux pump inhibitors, and despite several promising results, there are currently no efflux pump inhibitors authorized for human or veterinary use, or in clinical trials. Unfortunately, it appears that infection control strategies have remained the same since the discovery of penicillin, and that most efforts remain focused on discovering new classes of antibiotics, rather than trying to prolong the life of available antibiotics, and simultaneously fighting mechanisms of bacterial resistance.

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