scholarly journals Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 6745
Author(s):  
Yueyue Wang ◽  
Yufeng Shi ◽  
Kaiyuan Li ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Nana Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Functional Verification ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
Flavonoid Pathway ◽  
Molecular Genetic Evidence

The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-OGD) superfamily is one of the largest protein families in plants. The main oxidation reactions they catalyze in plants are hydroxylation, desaturation, demethylation, epimerization, and halogenation. Four members of the 2-OGD superfamily, i.e., flavonone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H), flavones synthase I (FNS I), flavonol synthase (FLS), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS)/leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), are present in the flavonoid pathway, catalyzing hydroxylation and desaturation reactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress on these proteins, from the discovery of their enzymatic activity, to their functional verification, to the analysis of the response they mediate in plants towards adversity. Substrate diversity analysis indicated that F3H, FNS Ⅰ, ANS/LDOX, and FLS perform their respective dominant functions in the flavonoid pathway, despite the presence of functional redundancy among them. The phylogenetic tree classified two types of FNS Ⅰ, one mainly performing FNS activity, and the other, a new type of FNS present in angiosperms, mainly involved in C-5 hydroxylation of SA. Additionally, a new class of LDOXs is highlighted, which can catalyze the conversion of (+)-catechin to cyanidin, further influencing the starter and extension unit composition of proanthocyanidins (PAs). The systematical description of the functional diversity and evolutionary relationship among these enzymes can facilitate the understanding of their impacts on plant metabolism. On the other hand, it provides molecular genetic evidence of the chemical evolution of flavonoids from lower to higher plants, promoting plant adaptation to harsh environments.

scholarly journals High-Resolution Pixel LED Headlamps: Functional Requirement Analysis and Research Progress

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3368
Author(s):  
Liping Wang ◽  
Jianshe Ma ◽  
Ping Su ◽  
Jianwei Huang
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Light Distribution ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Requirement Analysis ◽  
Functional Requirement ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
The Subject

High-resolution pixel LED headlamps are lighting devices that can produce high-resolution light distribution to adapt to road and traffic conditions, intelligently illuminate traffic areas, and assist drivers. Due to the complexity of roads and traffic conditions, the functional diversity of high-resolution pixel LEDs headlamps and traffic safety has come into question and is the subject of in-depth research conducted by car manufacturers and regulators. We summarize the current possible functions of high-resolution pixel LED headlamps and analyze ways in which they could be improved. This paper also discusses the prospect of new technologies in the future.

scholarly journals Molecular Genetic Evidence for the Role of SGT1 in the Intramolecular Complementation of Bs2 Protein Activity in Nicotiana benthamiana

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1268-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Todd Leister ◽  
Douglas Dahlbeck ◽  
Brad Day ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Olga Chesnokova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Evidence ◽  
Protein Activity ◽  
Molecular Genetic Evidence

Molecular genetic evidence for the conversion hypothesis of the origin of malignant mixed Müllerian tumours

1997 ◽  
Vol 183 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin C. A. Abeln ◽  
Vincent T. H. B. M. Smit ◽  
Johannes W. Wessels ◽  
Wiljo J. F. de Leeuw ◽  
Cees J. Cornelisse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Evidence ◽  
Molecular Genetic Evidence

Bioelectronic Sensor Technology for Detection of Cystic Fibrosis and Hereditary Hemochromatosis Mutations

2003 ◽  
Vol 127 (12) ◽  
pp. 1565-1572
Author(s):  
Susan H. Bernacki ◽  
Daniel H. Farkas ◽  
Wenmei Shi ◽  
Vivian Chan ◽  
Yenbou Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Hereditary Hemochromatosis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Molecular Genetic Testing ◽  
Diagnostic Applications ◽  
Lymphocyte Cell

Abstract Context.—Bioelectronic sensors, which combine microchip and biological components, are an emerging technology in clinical diagnostic testing. An electronic detection platform using DNA biochip technology (eSensor) is under development for molecular diagnostic applications. Owing to the novelty of these devices, demonstrations of their successful use in practical diagnostic applications are limited. Objective.—To assess the performance of the eSensor bioelectronic method in the validation of 6 Epstein-Barr virus–transformed blood lymphocyte cell lines with clinically important mutations for use as sources of genetic material for positive controls in clinical molecular genetic testing. Two cell lines carry mutations in the CFTR gene (cystic fibrosis), and 4 carry mutations in the HFE gene (hereditary hemochromatosis). Design.—Samples from each cell line were sent for genotype determination to 6 different molecular genetic testing facilities, including the laboratory developing the DNA biochips. In addition to the bioelectronic method, at least 3 different molecular diagnostic methods were used in the analysis of each cell line. Detailed data were collected from the DNA biochip output, and the genetic results were compared with those obtained using the more established methods. Results.—We report the successful use of 2 applications of the bioelectronic platform, one for detection of CFTR mutations and the other for detection of HFE mutations. In all cases, the results obtained with the DNA biochip were in concordance with those reported for the other methods. Electronic signal output from the DNA biochips clearly differentiated between mutated and wild-type alleles. This is the first report of the use of the cystic fibrosis detection platform. Conclusions.—Bioelectronic sensors for the detection of disease-causing mutations performed well when used in a “real-life” situation, in this case, a validation study of positive control blood lymphocyte cell lines with mutations of public health importance. This study illustrates the practical potential of emerging bioelectronic DNA detection technologies for use in current molecular diagnostic applications.

Molecular genetic evidence supporting diverse histogenic origins of germ cell tumors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung‐Hyun Jung ◽  
Hyeon‐Chun Park ◽  
Youn Jin Choi ◽  
Sang Yong Song ◽  
Yeun‐Jun Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Germ Cell Tumors ◽  
Genetic Evidence ◽  
Molecular Genetic Evidence

scholarly journals Evaluating indirect genetic effects of siblings using singletons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Howe ◽  
David Evans ◽  
Gibran Hemani ◽  
George Davey Smith ◽  
Neil Martin Davies
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Polygenic Risk Score ◽  
Indirect Genetic Effects ◽  
Molecular Genetic Evidence ◽  
Older Siblings

Estimating effects of parental and sibling genotypes (indirect genetic effects) can provide insight into how the family environment influences phenotypic variation. There is growing molecular genetic evidence for effects of parental phenotypes on their offspring (e.g. parental educational attainment), but the extent to which siblings affect each other is currently unclear.Here we used data from samples of unrelated individuals, without (singletons) and with biological full-siblings (non-singletons), to investigate and estimate sibling effects. Indirect genetic effects of siblings increase (or decrease) the covariance between genetic variation and a phenotype. It follows that differences in genetic association estimates between singletons and non-singletons could indicate indirect genetic effects of siblings.We used UK Biobank data to estimate polygenic risk score (PRS) associations for height, BMI and educational attainment in singletons (N = 50,143) and non-singletons (N = 328,549). The educational attainment PRS association estimate was 12% larger (95% C.I. 3%, 21%) in the non-singleton sample than in the singleton sample, but the height and BMI PRS associations were consistent. Birth order data suggested that the difference in educational attainment PRS associations was driven by individuals with older siblings rather than firstborns. The relationship between number of siblings and educational attainment PRS associations was non-linear; PRS associations were 24% smaller in individuals with 6 or more siblings compared to the rest of the sample (95% C.I. 11%, 38%). We estimate that a 1 SD increase in sibling educational attainment PRS corresponds to a 0.025 year increase in the index individual’s years in schooling (95% C.I. 0.013, 0.036).Our results suggest that older siblings influence the educational attainment of younger siblings, adding to the growing evidence that effects of the environment on phenotypic variation partially reflect social effects of germline genetic variation in relatives.

Creativity Thinks on the Significances of Geobiology about the Coal Series

2014 ◽  
Vol 1065-1069 ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Shuo Fu Tian ◽  
Chao Jin Lu ◽  
Yuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coal Bed ◽  
Geologic History ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Coal Petrology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lower Plants

It is the components, living things evolution processes, development environments, distribution layers and the earliest time for coal series formation that are investigated and studied in detail based on the author’s graduation thesis, the “Geobiology” , the “China coal petrology” and the other’s some references in this paper. And it is considered that mainly two types of the Coal Series might be distinguish in the geologic history in China, respectively consisted of the lower organisms (especially the lower plants, blue-green algae) and higher organisms (especially the higher plants, pteridophyta, gymnosperms, Anthophyta). Meanwhile, the conclusions can be drawn that the development of the organisms is not only controlled by the environments, on the other hand, the environments and their sediments are also affected by the ecologies of the organisms. So the coal bed or coal series can be used as the marks of the environment explanation, perhaps having some Significances of Geobiology. In additional, the relationship with an unconformity or disconformity is discussed here, too.

Molecular genetic evidence for polyandry in Ascaris suum

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunhua Zhou ◽  
Keng Yuan ◽  
Xiaoli Tang ◽  
Ningyan Hu ◽  
Weidong Peng
Keyword(s):  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Evidence ◽  
Molecular Genetic Evidence
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