scholarly journals Erucic Acid (22:1n-9) in Fish Feed, Farmed, and Wild Fish and Seafood Products

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nini Sissener ◽  
Robin Ørnsrud ◽  
Monica Sanden ◽  
Livar Frøyland ◽  
Sofie Remø ◽  
...  

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published a risk assessment of erucic acid (22:1n-9) in 2016, establishing a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for humans of 7 mg kg−1 body weight per day. This report largely excluded the contribution of erucic acid from fish and seafood, due to this fatty acid often not being reported separately in seafood. The Institute of Marine Research (IMR) in Norway analyzes erucic acid and has accumulated extensive data from analyses of fish feeds, farmed and wild fish, and seafood products. Our data show that rapeseed oil (low erucic acid varieties) and fish oil are the main sources of erucic acid in feed for farmed fish. Erucic acid content increases with total fat content, both in farmed and wild fish, and it is particularly high in fish liver, fish oil, and oily fish, such as mackerel. We show that the current TDI could be exceeded with a 200 g meal of mackerel, as at the maximum concentration analyzed, such a meal would contribute 143% to the TDI of a 60 kg person. These data cover a current knowledge gap in the scientific literature regarding the content of erucic acid in fish and seafood.

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 764-764
Author(s):  
Hermann Kalhoff ◽  
Mathilde Kersting ◽  
Bernd Honermeier ◽  
Kathrin Jansen ◽  
Thomas Lücke

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to use the recommended total daily food amounts of the German ‘Dietary Scheme for the first year of life’ (for the first time) to calculate the potential exposure of substances in the infant diet from a public health perspective. Erucic acid was taken as a concrete example, because the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) recently issued a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for erucic acid with a special note that vulnerable groups, especially young children, may be particularly at risk of exceeding the TDI. Methods The age of about 1 month with the highest consumption per kg body weight was chosen for scenarios for the phase of exclusive milk feeding, the age of about 8 months for the CF phase. Principle of calculation was: erucic acid exposure = food consumption volume per kg bodyweight per day x erucic acid concentration in food (from European studies for breastmilk, EFSA food samples for formula, current German market analysis for rapeseed oil, EU food law). We calculated 6 scenarios for the milk phase (4 formula-feeding, 2 breastfeeding) and 8 scenarios for the CF phase (5 CF + formula-feeding, 3 CF + breastfeeding). Results Out of the 14 scenarios, only 3 resulted in exposures in the safe range below the TDI (range 4.4.– 6.0 mg/kg BW). All scenarios assuming either high consumption (p95) or high concentration led to high exceedances of the TDI (range 7.5–26.2 mg/kg BW), especially when using maximum values of EU law for formula or vegetable oils (33.6 and 43.2 mg/kg BW respectively). Conclusions The Dietary Scheme proved to be a suitable frame to calculate the potential exposure of substances in foods forming the daily infant diet. The results give cause for concern, as the calculated high exposure to erucic acid in the scenarios occurs during infancy as a particularly sensitive developmental period and results from the food-based recommendations as public health guidelines. Considering the scarcity of data, in addition to the proven low erucic acid concentrations in rapeseed oil in Germany, it is imperative to analyze the erucic acid content of mature breast milk and formula as well. Funding Sources Union for the Promotion of Oil and Protein Plants (UFOP, Berlin, Germany).


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-710
Author(s):  
Sarat Chandra Togarcheti ◽  
Ramesh Babu Padamati

The present study aims at comparing the life cycle environmental impacts of polyunsaturated fatty acids production (PUFA) from microalgae and farmed fish. PUFA production from microalgae cultivated via heterotrophy and photoautotrophy was assessed and compared. The primary energy demand (PED) and environmental impacts (EI) of PUFA production from microalgae via heterotrophy were significantly lower compared to PUFA produced via photoautotrophy. Furthermore, PED and EI of PUFA production from fish farmed in marine net pens were assessed. The results indicated that the PED and EI of PUFA production from farmed fish are higher than that produced from microalgae cultivated via heterotrophy. Therefore, the results suggest that PUFA produced from microalgae via heterotrophy could substitute fish oil from an environmental perspective. Furthermore, life cycle analysis results indicate that PUFA derived from microalgae could potentially replace fish oil in the fish feed, thus reducing the pressure on oceans.


2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Agus Sudaryanto

ABSTRACT In regard to food security and safety, the need for evaluation of the risks and benefits of fishery products due to environmental contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has become a matter of concern. In this study, PBDEs were determined in farmed and wild groupers obtained from a mariculture area in Lampung to understand the contamination status and its differences between farmed and wild groupers, and to evaluate the proportion of their congeners as well as risks and benefits of consuming contaminated fish. Fourteens PBDE congeners from mono- to deca BDE were analyzed from samples stored in es-Bank using gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). PBDEs were detected in all the samples of the present study, with the levels being significantly higher (p<0.01) in farmed (1.1–6.2 ng/g lipid wt) than in wild groupers (0.20–1.1 ng/g lipid wt). Analysis of fish feeds indicated that the higher level of contaminants in farmed groupers most likely came from the commercial fish feed which they consumed. The study confirms relatively high concentrations of these compounds in farmed than wild fish. However, the levels still bellow to those farmed fish reported worldwide but have similar composition pattern of congeners being BDE-47 as predominant congener. The evaluation of PBDEs concentration in groupers showed that the levels were still bellow than fish tissue guideline. Furthermore, the estimated daily intake of PBDEs was also far bellow the reference dose values (RfDs) and/or Minimum Risk Levels (MRL), indicating minimum risk caused by these pollutants to groupers as well as to Indonesian from consuming fish.  Keywords: contamination, PBDEs, farmed grouper, wild grouper, health risk. ABSTRAK Berkaitan dengan isu ketahanan dan keamanan pangan, evaluasi terhadap resiko dan manfaat dari produk perikanan terhadap pencemaran lingkungan dari polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)  telah menjadi perhatian.  Pada penelitian ini, PBDEs dideterminasi pada ikan kerapu budidaya dan kerapu liar dari daerah Lampung untuk mengetahui status kontaminasi dan perbedaan diantara dua kelompok kerapu, mengevaluasi proporsi konjener penyusun serta risiko dan manfaat dari mengkonsumsi ikan yang terkontaminasi. Empat belas konjener PBDEs dari mono- sampai ke deka BDE dianalisis dari sampel yang tersimpan di es-BANK menggunakan kromatografi gas yang dilengkapi dengan detektor spektrometri massa (GC-MS). PBDEs terdeteksi di semua sampel kerapu, dengan konsentrasi secara signifikan lebih tinggi (p<0,01) pada kerapu budidaya (1,1–6,2 ng / g lipid wt) daripada di kerapu liar (0,20–1,1 ng / g lipid wt). Analisis pakan ikan menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kontaminan yang lebih tinggi di kelompok kerapu budidaya ini kemungkinan berasal dari pakan ikan komersial yang mereka konsumsi. Studi ini menegaskan bahwa ikan budidaya mempunyai konsentrasi PBDEs yang lebih tinggi daripada ikan liar. Namun demikian, kadar konsentrasi PBDEs pada kerapu budidaya ini masih lebih rendah daripada yang dilaporkan pada beberapa ikan budidaya di seluruh dunia, tetapi memiliki pola komposisi konjener yang sama dimana BDE-47 merupakan konjener yang dominan. Evaluasi konsentrasi PBDEs pada kerapu memperlihatkan bahwa kadarnya masih di bawah standar rujukan untuk konsentrasi pada jaringan ikan. Selanjutnya, perkiraan asupan harian PBDEs juga masih jauh di bawah nilai rujukan dosis referensi (RfDs) dan/atau Tingkat Risiko Minimum (MRL), menunjukkan potensi dampak yang rendah pada jaringan ikan itu sendiri maupun kesehatan orang Indonesia karena mengkonsumsi kerapu. Kata kunci: kontaminasi, PBDEs, kerapu budidaya, kerapu liar, resiko kesehatan


2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 794-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai-Xia XU ◽  
Zhen HUANG ◽  
Chao-Zhi MA ◽  
En-Shi XIAO ◽  
Xiu-Sen ZHANG ◽  
...  

Crop Science ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Katavic ◽  
Winnie Friesen ◽  
Dennis L. Barton ◽  
Kalie K. Gossen ◽  
E.Michael Giblin ◽  
...  

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 537
Author(s):  
Tarana Arman ◽  
John D. Clarke

Microcystins are ubiquitous toxins produced by photoautotrophic cyanobacteria. Human exposures to microcystins occur through the consumption of contaminated drinking water, fish and shellfish, vegetables, and algal dietary supplements and through recreational activities. Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MCLR) is the prototypical microcystin because it is reported to be the most common and toxic variant and is the only microcystin with an established tolerable daily intake of 0.04 µg/kg. Microcystin toxicokinetics is characterized by low intestinal absorption, rapid and specific distribution to the liver, moderate metabolism to glutathione and cysteinyl conjugates, and low urinary and fecal excretion. Molecular toxicology involves covalent binding to and inhibition of protein phosphatases, oxidative stress, cell death (autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis), and cytoskeleton disruption. These molecular and cellular effects are interconnected and are commonly observed together. The main target organs for microcystin toxicity are the intestine, liver, and kidney. Preclinical data indicate microcystins may also have nervous, pulmonary, cardiac, and reproductive system toxicities. Recent evidence suggests that exposure to other hepatotoxic insults could potentiate microcystin toxicity and increase the risk for chronic diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge for microcystin toxicokinetics, molecular toxicology, and pathophysiology in preclinical rodent models and humans. More research is needed to better understand human toxicokinetics and how multifactorial exposures contribute to disease pathogenesis and progression.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Amélie Bélanger ◽  
Pallab K. Sarker ◽  
Dominique P. Bureau ◽  
Yvan Chouinard ◽  
Grant W. Vandenberg

Aquaculture feed formulation has recently turned its focus to reduce the reliance on marine-derived resources and utilise alternative feedstuffs, as an approach to improve the environmental sustainability of the aquaculture sector. The fish oil market is highly volatile, and availability of this commodity is continuously decreasing for use in aquaculture. Currently, a growing number of commercial efforts producing microalgae are providing omega 3-rich oil for sustainable aquaculture feed. This study was focused to determine the nutrient digestibility of a marine microalga, Schizochytrium spp., which is rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), as a novel dietary lipid source that could be utilized effectively by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A whole-cell Schizochytrium spp. biomass was used in the digestibility experiment at two different temperatures, 8 °C and 15 °C. No significant differences were detected between the two temperatures for the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of the dry matter (94.3 ± 4.9%), total lipids (85.8 ± 0.0%), crude proteins (89.5 ± 1.8%), energy (83.1 ± 1.7%) and fatty acids (85.8 ± 7.5%). The ADCs of the nutrients, energy, DHA and other fatty acids showed that Schizochytrium spp. is a high-quality candidate for fish oil substitution and supplement of LC-PUFA in fish feed with vegetable oils.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1297
Author(s):  
Chitralekha Shyam ◽  
Manoj Tripathi ◽  
Sushma Tiwari ◽  
Niraj Tripathi ◽  
Ravindra Solanki ◽  
...  

Brassica junceais a crucial cultivated mustard species and principal oilseed crop of India and Madhya Pradesh, grown for diverse vegetables, condiments, and oilseeds. Somaclonal variation was explored as a probable source of additional variability for the manipulation of fatty acids, especially low erucic acid contents that may be valuable for this commercially important plant species. The plantlets regenerated from tissue cultures (R0), their R1 generation and respective parental lines were compared for morpho-physiological traits and fatty acid profile for the probable existence of somaclonal variations. The first putative somaclone derived from genotype CS54 contained 5.48% and 5.52% erucic acid in R0 and R1 regenerants, respectively, compared to the mother plant (41.36%). In comparison, the second somaclone acquired from PM30 exhibited a complete absence of erucic acid corresponding to its mother plant (1.07%). These putative somaclones present a source of variation for exploitation in the development of future mustard crops with low erucic acid content.


1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Vogtmann ◽  
D.R. Clandinin ◽  
R.T. Hardin

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