Seedless Fruit Production by Hormonal Regulation of Fruit Set

Tiziana Pandolfini

doi:10.3390/nu1020168

Reproductive Responses of Capsicum annuum to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.543c ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 543c-543

Author(s):

Ami N. Erickson ◽

Albert H. Markhart

Keyword(s):

Capsicum Annuum ◽

High Temperatures ◽

Fruit Development ◽

Flower Development ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Bud Size ◽

Growth Chambers ◽

Constant Growth

Fruit yield reduction due to high temperatures has been widely observed in Solanaceous crops. Our past experiments have demonstrated that Capsicum annuum cultivars Ace and Bell Boy completely fail to produce fruit when grown at constant 33 °C. However, flowers are produced, continually. To determine which stages of flower development are sensitive to high temperatures, pepper buds, ranging in size from 1 mm to anthesis, were exposed to high temperatures for 6 hr, 48 hr, 5 days, or for the duration of the experiment. Fruit set for each bud size was determined. Exposure to high temperatures at anthesis and at the 2-mm size stage for 2 or more days significantly reduced fruit production. To determine whether inhibition of pollination, inhibition of fertilization, and/or injury to the female or male structures prevents fruit production at high temperatures, flowers from pepper cultivars Ace and Bell Boy were grown until flowers on the 8th or 9th node were 11 mm in length. Plants were divided between 25 °C and 33 °C constant growth chambers for 2 to 4 days until anthesis. At anthesis, flowers from both treatments were cross-pollinated in all combination, and crosses were equally divided between 33 or 25 °C growth chambers until fruit set or flowers abscised. All flower crosses resulted in 80% to 100% fruit set when post-pollination temperatures were 25 °C. However, post-pollination temperatures of 33 °C significantly reduced fruit production. Reduced fruit set by flowers exposed to high temperatures during anthesis and pollination is not a result of inviable pollen or ovule, but an inhibition of fertilization or initial fruit development.

Carbohidratos y Floración en Hesperaloë funifera (Koch) Trel. (Samandoque)

Botanical Sciences ◽

10.17129/botsci.1612 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 67

Author(s):

Steven P. Mclaughlin ◽

Ryan R. Williams

Keyword(s):

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Hesperaloe Funifera

Several researchers have noted that flowering in Agavaceae requires substantial resources, but few studies have attempted to directly measure such resources. T his study addresses the hypothesis that fruit set in Hesperaloë funifera is limited by available carbohydrates. The accumulation of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) prior to flowering was measured, and total requirements for carbohydrate were estimated. Hesperaloë funifera was found to accumulate fructans, and roots were an important organ for storage of accumulated carbohydrates. Carbohydrates stored in the plant prior to flowering are sufficient to meet only about onethird of the carbohydrate needed to produce an average inflorescence with 1 % to 2% fruit set. All of the carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis from May through August is needed to support flowering and fruit production. Low percentage fruit set in Hesperaloë funifera is probably due to a deficiency of carbohydrate resources.

The importance of fruit set, fruit abortion, and pollination success in fruit production of teak (Tectona grandis)

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x10-160 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (11) ◽

pp. 2204-2214 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

E. R. Palupi ◽

J. N. Owens ◽

S. Sadjad ◽

Sudarsono ◽

D. D. Solihin

Keyword(s):

Fruit Set ◽

Pollen Viability ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Tectona Grandis ◽

Seed Orchard ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Natural Forests ◽

Pollination Success ◽

Fruit Abortion

Teak ( Tectona grandis L.) is believed to have been introduced from India 400–500 years ago and there appear to be no old-growth natural forests. However, Indonesia has many teak plantation forests and 40%–50% of seeds for reforestation come from seed orchards and the remainder from plantations. In both, flower and fruit abortion results in low fruit set and thus seed production. We investigated flower and fruit development in a clonal seed orchard in East Java in 1999 and 2001 using cross- and open-pollinated trees. The rates of abortion using cross-pollinations showed a similar pattern but were lower than for open-pollinations. The highest rate of abortion in cross- and open-pollinations was during pollination and fertilization, ranging 11%–23% and 31%–32%/day, respectively, less during fruit initiation (5%–6% and 6%–8%/day) and the lowest was during fruit maturation (<0.5%/day). Cross-pollinations increased fruit production by 10-fold compared with open-pollinations. About 30% of flowers were pollinated with an average of five pollen grains per stigma in open-pollinations. Pollen viability varied among clones and time of day but was not affected by position of flowers in an inflorescence. We conclude that low pollination success and low pollen viability are major causes for low fruit production in teak and are related to insect pollinators.

Efficacy of N-phenylphtalamic acid in some Solanaceae species

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/11/4/612 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

Author(s):

S. V. S. Chauhan ◽

H. H. Singh ◽

H. K. Gupta

Keyword(s):

Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽

Capsicum Annuum ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Solanum Melongena ◽

Fruit Production ◽

The Other ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Other Hand ◽

Solanaceae Species

: N-phenylphthalamic acid — Cl4H1 1 NO3 (Nevirol 60 WP) was successfully used for enhancing yield in some important vegetable crops namely, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), chilli (Capsicum annuum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena) of Solanaceae. Aqueous sprays with 0.2% and 3.0% significantly enhanced fruit production in chilli and tomato respectively. On the other hand, various treatments in brinjal failed to enhance yield significantly. The increase in yield in both tomato and chilli is largely due to increase in the number of flowers and fruit-set percentage.

Comparing Pre- and Post-pollen Production Temperature Stress on Fruit Set and Fruit Production In Male-sterile And Male-fertile Tomatoes

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.526c ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 526C-526

Author(s):

Mary M. Peet ◽

Suguru Sato

Keyword(s):

Temperature Stress ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Pollen Production ◽

Night Temperature ◽

Male Sterile ◽

Male And Female ◽

Reproductive Tissues

Peet et al. (1997) demonstrated that in male-sterile tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill cv. NC8288) (MSs) provided with pollen from male-fertile plants (MFs) grown at 24°C daily mean, percent fruit set, total number and weight of fruit, and relative seediness decreased linearly as mean daily temperature rose from 25 to 29°C. The primary parameter affecting these variables was mean temperature, with day temperature at a given night temperature, night temperature at a given day temperature, and day/night temperature differential having secondary or no effect. To compare the effect of temperature stress experienced only by the female tissues with that experienced by the male tissues or both male and female tissues, MSs and MFs were grown in 28/22°C, 30/24°C, and 32/26°C day/night temperature chambers. Fruit yield and seed number per fruit declined sharply when increased temperatures were experienced by both male and female tissues (MFs). There was no fruit set in any of the MSs assigned to the 32/26°C pollen treatment, mostly because of the limited amount of pollen available from MFs. Both fruit production and seed content per fruit were also greatly reduced in MSs receiving pollen from 30/24°C grown MFs for the same reason. For plants experiencing stress only on female tissues (MSs grown at high temperatures, but receiving pollen from MFs grown at the lowest temperature), there was also a linear decrease in fruit yield as growth temperatures increased, as previously seen by Peet et al. (1997), but the temperature effect was less pronounced than that on pollen production. Thus, for this system, temperature stress decreased yield much more drastically when experienced by male reproductive tissues than when experienced only by female reproductive tissues.

587 Physiological Factors Limiting Tomato Fruitset at Moderately Elevated Temperatures

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.3.497e ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 497E-498

Author(s):

M.M. Peet ◽

S. Sato

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

High Temperature ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Cultivar Differences ◽

Physiological Factors ◽

Mild Heat

The effects of chronic, mild heat stress on fruit set, fruit production, release of pollen grains, photosynthesis, night respiration, and anther dehiscence were ex-amined in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) differing in high temperature sensitivity. Plants were grown under three temperature regimes: 1) 28/22 or 26/22 °C (optimal temperature) 2) 32/26 °C (high temperature), and 3) 32/26 °C day/night temperatures relieved at 28/22 °C for 10 days before anthesis, then returned to 32/26 °C (relieving treatment). `FLA 7156' was the only cultivar with fruit set at 32/26 °C. All five cultivars, however, had fruit set in the relieving treatment (RT). The longer the relief, the higher was the percentage of fruit set. Longer periods of relief also increased the number of pollen grains released and linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between the number of pollen grains released and the percentage of fruit set. Germination of pollen grains was also lowered in high-temperature-grown plants. The number of pollen grains produced, photosynthesis, and night respiration did not limit fruit set under chronic, mild heat stress, however. This suggested that cultivar differences in ability to release pollen and to produce viable pollen under heat stress are the most important factors determining their ability to set fruit.

660 Reducing Floral Initiation and Return Bloom in Stone Fruit Trees: Applications and Implications in Fruit Production

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.561f ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 561F-562

Author(s):

Stephen M. Southwick

Keyword(s):

Prunus Persica ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Prunus Armeniaca ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Labor Costs ◽

Flower Number ◽

Prunus Salicina

Commercially grown apricots (Prunus armeniaca), peaches (Prunus persica), nectarines (Prunus persica), plums (Prunus salicina and Prunus domestica), and pluots (Prunus salicina × Prunus armeniaca) have a tendency to produce high numbers of flowers. These flowers often set and produce more fruit than trees can adequately size to meet market standards. When excessive fruit set occurs, removal of fruit by hand-thinning is common to ensure that fruit size meets market standards. Over the years there have been numerous attempts to find chemical or physical techniques that would help to reduce costs associated with and improve efficiencies of hand-thinning; however, using alternate strategies to hand-thinning have not been widely adopted in stone fruit production. In the past 10 years, through the continuing efforts of scientists throughout the world in public and private institutions and business, it appears that there are chemical sprays capable of reducing the need for hand-thinning in stone fruit. Management of flowering by reducing the number of flowers on apricot, peach, nectarine, plum, and prune has shown promise under climatic conditions such as those found in the San Joaquin Valley of California. By applying gibberellins during May through July, flowers in many stone fruit cultivars can be reduced in the following season. The reduction in flower number does not generally lead to an increase in fruit set. As a result, fruit numbers are reduced, the need for hand thinning can be reduced, and in some cases eliminated. There are risks associated with reducing flower number before climatic conditions during bloom or final fruit set are known. However, given the changes in labor costs and market demands, especially in the developed world, the benefits may outweigh the risks. The application and implications of these summer gibberellin applications toward reducing flower numbers will be discussed as it relates to commercial stone fruit growing.

Synthetic Cytokinin-1-(2=chloro=4=pyridyl)-3-phenylurea (CPPU)-Promotes Fruit Set and Induces Parthenocarpy in Watermelon

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.120.6.997 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 120 (6) ◽

pp. 997-1000 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Yasuyoshi Hayata ◽

Yoshiyuki Niimi ◽

Naoto Iwasaki

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Growth ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Parthenocarpic Fruit ◽

Soluble Solids Content ◽

Control Fruit ◽

Seedless Fruit ◽

Solids Content

Applying a 200 ppm solution of CPPU to pollinated ovaries of watermelon (Citrullus lunatus Matsum) at anthesis increased fruit set from 26.9% (control) to 95%. Applying CPPU solutions to nonpollinated ovaries at anthesis induced parthenocarpy, yielding 65% and 89.5% fruit set, respectively with 20 and 200 ppm applications. However, 64% of the 20 ppm CPPU-treated parthenocarpic fruit stopped growth 10 days after treatment. Growth of CPPU-treated, pollinated, and nonpollinated fruit increased significantly compared with growth of control fruit during the first 10 days after treatment, but, except for the 20 ppm CPPU parthenocarpic fruit, growth subsequently slowed, resulting in fruit equal in size to the control by harvest. CPPU application did not affect soluble solids content of pollinated fruit, but reduced content of parthenocarpic fruit treated with 20 ppm. Fructose content was generally higher than glucose and sucrose at harvest. However, in pollinated fruit treated with 20 ppm CPPU, sucrose levels were higher than glucose and fructose. These results suggest that CPPU is practical for promoting fruit set and seedless fruit without adversely affecting fruit quality and development.

Seedless Fruit Production in 'Tosa Buntan' Pummelo

Engei Gakkai zasshi ◽

10.2503/jjshs.73.469 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 73 (5) ◽

pp. 469-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Akira Kitajima ◽

Atsu Yamasaki ◽

Kojiro Hasegawa

Keyword(s):

Fruit Production ◽

Seedless Fruit

Mating system and female reproductive success of the endemic, epiphytic Prosthechea aff. karwinskii (Orchidaceae)

Lankesteriana ◽

10.15517/lank.v11i3.18300 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Ericka Camacho-Domínguez ◽

Irene Ávila-Díaz

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Success ◽

Mating System ◽

Sexual Reproduction ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Open Pollination ◽

Female Reproductive Success ◽

Hand Pollination ◽

Northern Portion

Prosthechea aff. karwinskii (Mart.) Soto Arenas & Salazar (unpublished name) is an endemic Mexican epiphytic orchid with a restricted distribution. It occurs in deciduous oak forests, particularly on Quercus deserticola in the northern portion of Michoacán state. Due to their ornamental uses, this and other orchid species have been heavily collected from their natural populations. Learning about the reproductive biology of this species is important, as we may gain knowledge about the probable repercussions of overcollecting on their genetics and ecology. This will be a useful tool for the management and conservation of the species. The objectives were to 1) study the mating system of P. aff. karwinskii, 2) determine if the species requires an external pollinating agent for sexual reproduction, and 3) evaluate female reproductive success of this species. Exclusions (150) were made before anthesis. Once the flowers opened, we applied four pollination treatments: manual selfing, outcrossing, spontaneous autogamy, and open pollination. We subsequently quantified the production of fruits and viability of the seeds. Preliminary results showed that outcrossing and selfing treatments exhibited statistically higher fruit set than spontaneous autogamy and open pollination treatments, meaning that P. aff. karwinskii has the capability to reproduce via self-pollination. Prosthechea aff. karwinskii is pollinator-dependent for sexual reproduction, taking into account that the spontaneous autogamy treatment showed nil fruit production. Female reproductive success in open pollinated flowers was lower compared to fruit set of hand pollination treatments. This indicates that this species, as other species of tropical orchids, is pollination-limited.