Role of Minerals and Trace Elements in Diabetes and Insulin Resistance

Minerals and trace elements are micronutrients that are essential to the human body but present only in traceable amounts. Nonetheless, they exhibit well-defined biochemical functions. Deficiencies in these micronutrients are related to widespread human health problems. This review article is focused on some of these minerals and trace element deficiencies and their consequences in diabetes and insulin resistance. The levels of trace elements vary considerably among different populations, contingent on the composition of the diet. In several Asian countries, large proportions of the population are affected by a number of micronutrient deficiencies. Local differences in selenium, zinc, copper, iron, chromium and iodine in the diet occur in both developed and developing countries, largely due to malnutrition and dependence on indigenous nutrition. These overall deficiencies and, in a few cases, excess of essential trace elements may lead to imbalances in glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. The most extensive problems affecting one billion people or more worldwide are associated with inadequate supply of a number of minerals and trace elements including iodine, selenium, zinc, calcium, chromium, cobalt, iron, boron and magnesium. This review comprises various randomized controlled trials, cohort and case-controlled studies, and observational and laboratory-based studies with substantial outcomes of micronutrient deficiencies on diabetes and insulin resistance in diverse racial inhabitants from parts of Asia, Africa, and North America. Changes in these micronutrient levels in the serum and urine of subjects may indicate the trajectory toward metabolic changes, oxidative stress and provide disease-relevant information.

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A review on role of essential trace elements in health and disease

Journal of Dr NTR University of Health Sciences ◽

10.4103/2277-8632.158577 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 75 ◽

Cited By ~ 167

Author(s):

RaviTeja Chitturi ◽

VenkatRamana Reddy Baddam ◽

LingamaneniKrishna Prasad ◽

Lingamaneni Prashanth ◽

KiranKumar Kattapagari

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Essential Trace Elements ◽

Health And Disease

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Micronutrients

Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780198701590.003.0062 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 471-478

Author(s):

Cédric Annweiler ◽

Olivier Beauchet

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Trace Elements ◽

Renewal Processes ◽

Cell Renewal ◽

Immune Defence ◽

Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽

Physiological Ageing ◽

Mineral Supplements ◽

Main Effects ◽

Minerals And Trace Elements

Micronutrients are nutrients required by organism throughout life in small quantities to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. They are composed by vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. Micronutrient deficiencies are common in older adults, even in highly developed industrial nations. They result from insufficient supply and/or increase in micronutrient requirements. Micronutrient deficiencies can accelerate the physiological ageing process and aggravate the decline of cell renewal processes, immune defence, eyesight and hearing, and cognition. It is thus crucial to ensure that older adults receive an optimal supply of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. We reviewed here the needs, main effects, and current research directions of the micronutrients of interest among older adults. There is a constantly growing certainty that improving the micronutrient supply to older adults, whether via nutrient-dense culturally appropriate diets or via multivitamin-mineral supplements, may be helpful to prevent or at least contain diseases observed with ageing.

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Synchrotron-based x-ray fluorescence applied to invertebrates to investigate the role of essential trace elements in a biological process

Physica Scripta ◽

10.1088/0031-8949/85/03/035805 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 035805 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D V Rao ◽

M Swapna ◽

R Cesareo ◽

A Brunetti ◽

T Akatsuka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Biological Process ◽

X Ray ◽

Essential Trace Elements

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Alterations in Plasma Essential Trace Elements Selenium, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, and Iron Concentrations and the Possible Role of these Elements on Oxidative Status in Patients with Childhood Asthma

Biological Trace Element Research ◽

10.1385/bter:97:1:31 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. 31-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

A. Kocyigit ◽

F. Armutcu ◽

A. Gurel ◽

B. Ermis

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Childhood Asthma ◽

Oxidative Status ◽

Manganese Zinc ◽

Essential Trace Elements ◽

Iron Concentrations

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Preventive efficacy of trace elements chelates in poultry farming (review)

Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.32718/nvlvet10119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (101) ◽

pp. 113-123

Author(s):

V. S. Sakara ◽

A. Yu. Melnyk ◽

A. V. Kharchenko

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

The Body ◽

Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽

Prophylactic Efficacy ◽

Essential Trace Elements ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Poultry Feeding ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Poultry Farming

Trace elements in the body of the bird are in small quantities, but their role in productivity remains important. In order to get a quality carcass at the slaughterhouse, you need a constant supply of nutrients and, last but not least, microelements. Zinc and Manganese are essential trace elements that affect the growth and development of birds. And their deficiency in the body has a negative effect on the productivity of birds. In the diet of broilers trace elements are mainly added with a premix in the form of inorganic salts (sulfates, carbonates). However, these micronutrient compounds in the body of the bird are insufficiently absorbed, and increasing the dose of their introduction can cause toxicosis. Therefore, in order to prevent microelementosis, it is more appropriate to use organic compounds (chelates), which have a much higher level of bioavailability and less release into the environment. This review article describes the prophylactic efficacy of Zinc and Manganese chelates in micronutrient deficiencies in broiler chickens and laying hens. With a deficiency of a particular trace element develop metabolic disorders and other pathologies (perosis, etc.). Based on the presented data, it can be concluded that the use of organic forms of trace elements in poultry feeding is a better alternative to inorganic sources, as they can be used in smaller quantities. But due to their greater bioavailability, they are better absorbed, which has a positive effect on the productivity of broilers. Since knowledge about the use of chelated forms of trace elements in comparison with inorganic forms (salts, sulfates, etc.) in the diet of poultry is still poorly understood, it is necessary to further conduct research to prevent micronutrient deficiencies in these compounds.

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CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS IN NUTRITION OF VEGETARIANS AND VEGANS: FLUORINE, SILICON, BROMINE, BORON

Trace Elements in Medicine (Moscow) ◽

10.19112/2413-6174-2021-22-1-32-43 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 32-43

Author(s):

A.V. Galchenko ◽

◽

A.A. Sherstneva ◽

M.M. Levina ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Trace Elements ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tooth Enamel ◽

Metabolic Disturbances ◽

Oral Flora ◽

Plant Foods ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Essential Trace Elements

A brief review of the physiology of conditionally essential trace elements and their status among vegetarians and vegans is presented. To date, the biological role of conditionally essential trace elements has been studied much worse than the role of essential trace elements and, especially, macroelements. Nevertheless, they perform a number of important functions in the human body, and the development of their deficiency may lead to unpleasant consequences. Fluorine plays an important role in calcium-phosphorus metabolism and bone tissue development. In addition, it is necessary to maintain normal oral flora. With its deficiency, the risk of osteoporosis development increases while the resistance of tooth enamel to bacterial damage decreases. Despite the evidence that vegetarians are more likely to develop caries than omnivores, it is premature to conclude that they are poorly supplied with fluoride, primarily because drinking water is still the main source of fluoride. The most studied function of silicon is its involvement in the collagen synthesis. Thus, with silicon defi-ciency, the formation of connective tissue, including the organic matrix of the bones, is disturbed. Despite the fact that silicon is mainly found in plant foods, vegans should be mindful about its status, since they have an increased risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis. There is a lack of data on the physiological significance of bromine. Presumably, it is involved in the activa-tion of certain digestive enzymes, inhibitory processes in the nervous system. Although vegetarians and vegans seem to consume less bromine than omnivores, they are probably at a higher risk of intoxication with this element. This is due to the fact that bromine-containing pesticides are actively used in agriculture and can accumulate in plants. Vegetarians and vegans consume more plant foods. The situation is aggravated by the fact that bromine accumulates more actively against the background of iodine deficiency, which is often observed in these population groups. Boron plays a role in the glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as in the vitamin D, calcium and phosphates exchange, thus participating in the formation of an inorganic matrix of bones. It is unlikely that vegetarians and vegans have an increased risk of developing nutritional deficiency of boron compared to omnivores. However, considering data on a higher risk of vitamin D and calcium deficiency and osteoporosis, monitoring and correction of boron status can affect the prevalence of metabolic disturbances in bone tissue among vegans.

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The Role of Zinc and Copper in Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867326666190902122155 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (39) ◽

pp. 6643-6657 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Geir Bjørklund ◽

Maryam Dadar ◽

Lyudmila Pivina ◽

Monica Daniela Doşa ◽

Yuliya Semenova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Trace Elements ◽

Insulin Receptors ◽

Research Papers ◽

Search Terms ◽

Excessive Intake ◽

And Control

The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is internationally ever-growing. Therefore, prevention, diagnostics, and control of insulin resistance and T2DM are of increasing importance. It has been suggested that mechanisms leading to insulin resistance and diabetes and its complications include high intake of refined and energy-rich food, which is presumed to be accompanied by suboptimal intake of trace elements, such as Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Chromium (Cr), and Copper (Cu), which are essential and crucial for various biological processes. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of Zn, Se, and Cu in T2DM. Diabetes seems prevalent when Zn, Se, and Cu are deficient, which may result from excessive intake of refined food. The literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus, supplemented with the reference lists of relevant articles and a Google Scholar search. We critically assessed all relevant citations, both review and research papers in English. The search terms that were used included Zn, Cu, diabetes, and diabetes mellitus. Research has shown that Zn, Se and Cu are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes, but these trace elements can in excessive amounts be toxic. Zinc appears to activate key molecules that are involved in cell signaling, which maintain the homeostasis of glucose. Zinc also regulates insulin receptors, prolong the action of insulin, and promote healthy lipid profiles. Copper in excess can create oxidative stress, which is a factor in the onset and the progression of T2DM. Abnormal Zn and Cu metabolism appears to accompany and may also cause diabetes complications.

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