scholarly journals CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS IN NUTRITION OF VEGETARIANS AND VEGANS: FLUORINE, SILICON, BROMINE, BORON

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-43
Author(s):  
A.V. Galchenko ◽  
◽  
A.A. Sherstneva ◽  
M.M. Levina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Oral Flora ◽  
Plant Foods ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Essential Trace Elements

A brief review of the physiology of conditionally essential trace elements and their status among vegetarians and vegans is presented. To date, the biological role of conditionally essential trace elements has been studied much worse than the role of essential trace elements and, especially, macroelements. Nevertheless, they perform a number of important functions in the human body, and the development of their deficiency may lead to unpleasant consequences. Fluorine plays an important role in calcium-phosphorus metabolism and bone tissue development. In addition, it is necessary to maintain normal oral flora. With its deficiency, the risk of osteoporosis development increases while the resistance of tooth enamel to bacterial damage decreases. Despite the evidence that vegetarians are more likely to develop caries than omnivores, it is premature to conclude that they are poorly supplied with fluoride, primarily because drinking water is still the main source of fluoride. The most studied function of silicon is its involvement in the collagen synthesis. Thus, with silicon defi-ciency, the formation of connective tissue, including the organic matrix of the bones, is disturbed. Despite the fact that silicon is mainly found in plant foods, vegans should be mindful about its status, since they have an increased risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis. There is a lack of data on the physiological significance of bromine. Presumably, it is involved in the activa-tion of certain digestive enzymes, inhibitory processes in the nervous system. Although vegetarians and vegans seem to consume less bromine than omnivores, they are probably at a higher risk of intoxication with this element. This is due to the fact that bromine-containing pesticides are actively used in agriculture and can accumulate in plants. Vegetarians and vegans consume more plant foods. The situation is aggravated by the fact that bromine accumulates more actively against the background of iodine deficiency, which is often observed in these population groups. Boron plays a role in the glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as in the vitamin D, calcium and phosphates exchange, thus participating in the formation of an inorganic matrix of bones. It is unlikely that vegetarians and vegans have an increased risk of developing nutritional deficiency of boron compared to omnivores. However, considering data on a higher risk of vitamin D and calcium deficiency and osteoporosis, monitoring and correction of boron status can affect the prevalence of metabolic disturbances in bone tissue among vegans.

scholarly journals Trace Elements and Vitamin D in Gestational Diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Genova ◽  
B. Atanasova ◽  
I. Ivanova ◽  
K. Todorova ◽  
D. Svinarov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Inflammatory Stress ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
Essential Trace Elements ◽  
25 Oh Vitamin D

AbstractGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), one of the most common pregnancy complications, is defined as glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Its prevalence varies worldwide in dependence on characteristics of the underlying population and applied diagnostic criteria. The etiology is multifactorial and not sufficiently elucidated. Available evidence suggests that the base of pathogenesis is relatively diminished insulin secretion coupled with pregnancy-induced insulin resistance. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for development have been identified. Trace elements and vitamin D could be contributed to modifiable factors for prediction the risk in a large population. Essential trace elements in pregnancy are necessary to overcome systemic oxidative, metabolic and inflammatory stress. Evidence, still inconclusive, has been accumulated about the relation between higher incidence of vitamin D failure/deficiency during pregnancy and GDM. The lower level of 25-OH vitamin D could be associated with increased risk for anemia development, also including pregnant women. This review intends to provide an overview of the possible link between both vitamin D and trace elements as risk factors for GDM development.

The role of vitamin D in metabolic and reproductive disturbances of polycystic ovary syndrome: A narrative mini-review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Daniela Menichini ◽  
Gianpiero Forte ◽  
Beatrice Orrù ◽  
Giuseppe Gullo ◽  
Vittorio Unfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Endometrial Receptivity ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Beneficial Role

Abstract. Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone that plays a pivotal role in several metabolic and reproductive pathways in humans. Increasing evidence supports the role of vitamin D deficiency in metabolic disturbances and infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Indeed, supplementation with vitamin D seems to have a beneficial role on insulin resistance and endometrial receptivity. On the other hand, exceedingly high levels of vitamin D appear to play a detrimental role on oocytes development and embryo quality. In the current review, we summarize the available evidence about the topic, aiming to suggest the best supplementation strategy in women with PCOS or, more generally, in those with metabolic disturbances and infertility. Based on the retrieved data, vitamin D seems to have a beneficial role on IR, insulin sensitivity and endometrial receptivity, but high levels and incorrect timing of administration seem to have a detrimental role on oocytes development and embryo quality. Therefore, we encourage a low dose supplementation (400–800 IU/day) particularly in vitamin D deficient women that present metabolic disturbances like PCOS. As far as the reproductive health, we advise vitamin D supplementation in selected populations, only during specific moments of the ovarian cycle, to support the luteal phase. However, ambiguities about dosage and timing of the supplementation still emerge from the clinical studies published to date and further studies are required.

scholarly journals Role of Minerals and Trace Elements in Diabetes and Insulin Resistance

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pallavi Dubey ◽  
Vikram Thakur ◽  
Munmun Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Essential Trace Elements ◽  
Cobalt Iron ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Minerals And Trace Elements ◽  
Iron Chromium

Minerals and trace elements are micronutrients that are essential to the human body but present only in traceable amounts. Nonetheless, they exhibit well-defined biochemical functions. Deficiencies in these micronutrients are related to widespread human health problems. This review article is focused on some of these minerals and trace element deficiencies and their consequences in diabetes and insulin resistance. The levels of trace elements vary considerably among different populations, contingent on the composition of the diet. In several Asian countries, large proportions of the population are affected by a number of micronutrient deficiencies. Local differences in selenium, zinc, copper, iron, chromium and iodine in the diet occur in both developed and developing countries, largely due to malnutrition and dependence on indigenous nutrition. These overall deficiencies and, in a few cases, excess of essential trace elements may lead to imbalances in glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. The most extensive problems affecting one billion people or more worldwide are associated with inadequate supply of a number of minerals and trace elements including iodine, selenium, zinc, calcium, chromium, cobalt, iron, boron and magnesium. This review comprises various randomized controlled trials, cohort and case-controlled studies, and observational and laboratory-based studies with substantial outcomes of micronutrient deficiencies on diabetes and insulin resistance in diverse racial inhabitants from parts of Asia, Africa, and North America. Changes in these micronutrient levels in the serum and urine of subjects may indicate the trajectory toward metabolic changes, oxidative stress and provide disease-relevant information.

Role of vitamin D and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in the development of early- and late-onset preeclampsia

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indira Álvarez-Fernández ◽  
Belén Prieto ◽  
Verónica Rodríguez ◽  
Yolanda Ruano ◽  
Ana I. Escudero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Plgf Ratio

AbstractThe imbalanced production of placental biomarkers and vitamin D deficiency have been proposed as risk factors for the development of preeclampsia (PE). However, little is known about the relationship between them and their role in early- versus late-onset PE. The objectives were to assess the role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) to placental growth factor (PlGF) ratio in the development of early- and late-onset PE; and to evaluate the relationship between 25(OH)D and the biomarkers.A retrospective, full-blinded cohort study was conducted at the Obstetric Emergency Service of a tertiary care hospital. Pregnant women (n=257) attending obstetric triage with suspicion of PE were included. sFlt-1, PlGF and 25(OH)D concentrations were measured by electrochemoluminescence (ECLIA) immunoassay and pregnancy outcome (development of PE) was registered from patients records.PE women showed lower 25(OH)D concentrations at clinical presentation than non-PE women (median: 35.0 nmol/L and 39.6 nmol/L, respectively; p=0.027). Women with 25(OH)D levels <50 nmol/L experienced an increased risk of developing late-onset PE [odds ratio (OR) 4.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–15], but no association was found for early-onset PE. However, a sFlt-1/PlGF ratio above the corresponding cutpoints increased the risk of developing both early- and late-onset PE [ORs 58 (95% CI 11–312) and 12 (95% CI 5.0–27), respectively]. No association was found between 25(OH)D levels and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio.Low vitamin D status in women with suspected late-onset PE increases the risk of imminent development of the disease.

scholarly journals A review on role of essential trace elements in health and disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
RaviTeja Chitturi ◽  
VenkatRamana Reddy Baddam ◽  
LingamaneniKrishna Prasad ◽  
Lingamaneni Prashanth ◽  
KiranKumar Kattapagari
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Essential Trace Elements ◽  
Health And Disease

Prenatal stress and its role in children's pathology: historical aspects and the current status of the question (review of literature)

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
A. A. Vyalkova ◽  
B. A. Frolov ◽  
E. V. Savelyeva ◽  
S. A. Chesnokova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Adaptation Mechanism ◽  
Increased Risk

The article presents an analysis of fundamental data on the problem of stress and its role in the development of stressful diseases. Scientific evidence on the role of stress in childhood pathology indicates the extreme pathogenetic significance of stress. It is proved that stress has three interconnected faces: stress as a link in the adaptation mechanism, stress as a link in the pathogenesis of diseases and adaptation to stressful situations as a natural prevention of stressful diseases. The scientific substantiation of the main evolutionarily determined role of stress as an adaptation link indicates the possibility of acquiring some degree of resistance to stressful situations. Prevention of reducing the excess of stress reactions and reducing the possibility of its transformation into a link in the pathogenesis of diseases limits the complex of mechanisms designated as a stress-limiting system. Important information is the development and coordination of the stress response, which is provided by a complex set of mechanisms of neuroendocrine regulation, united by the concept of “stress-implementing system”. The most common forms of stress are fetal hypoxia, metabolic disturbances, and toxic effects leading to uncontrolled oxidative stress at the cellular and tissue levels with the development of pregnancy complications, intrauterine growth retardation syndrome (IUGR), persistent changes and pathological conditions. As the fetus grows, the flow of oxygen and nutrients from the mother through the placenta increases, which is accompanied by an increased risk of the formation of pathologies of the brain, heart, liver and kidneys with the development of a multi-organ pathology in the subsequent life. It has been proven that oxidative stress combined with stress of malnutrition in the prenatal period increases the risk of endocrinopathies, kidney diseases, and a number of other chronic diseases in the adult state. In practical terms, the negative effects of stress are of particular interest. Early detection of psychosocial and sympathomimetic factors causing stress is the basis for the prevention of childhood pathology.

Synchrotron-based x-ray fluorescence applied to invertebrates to investigate the role of essential trace elements in a biological process

2012 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 035805 ◽  
Author(s):  
D V Rao ◽  
M Swapna ◽  
R Cesareo ◽  
A Brunetti ◽  
T Akatsuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Essential Trace Elements

scholarly journals Calcium and vitamin D in obesity

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingming Song ◽  
Igor N. Sergeev
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Negative State ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
Fat Excretion

New and more effective nutritional measures are urgently needed for the prevention of obesity. The role of Ca and vitamin D in obesity has been recently implicated. Low Ca intake and low vitamin D status have been linked with an increased risk of obesity in epidemiological studies; however, clinical intervention trials designed to test this association have produced controversial results. The suggested anti-obesity mechanisms of Ca and vitamin D include the regulation of adipocyte death (apoptosis), adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Dietary Ca has been also shown to increase faecal fat excretion. The potential role of Ca and vitamin D in shifting energy balance towards a more negative state is an area of considerable interest. Ultimately, a review of recent research findings does not allow the reaching of a definitive conclusion that increasing Ca intake and rising vitamin D status will influence fat mass and body weight or decrease the risk of obesity and overweight.

scholarly journals Vitamin D and maternal-fetal implications

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-154
Author(s):  
Nicoleta DUMITRU ◽  
◽  
Andra BURUIANĂ ◽  
Eugenia PETROVA ◽  
Maria OLARU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
In Pregnancy

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and a presteroid hormone synthesized in the dermis under UVB rays. In terms of its endocrine functions, it has an important role in mineral homeostasis. Besides these effects, recent studies have found a series of non-calciotropic actions of vitamin D: modulation of autoimmune processes, promoting secretion and insulin action, pulmonary development, inhibition of malignant cells proliferation in various cancers, implications in maternal-fetal pathology. Recent studies have identified the association of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy with a series of maternal complications (preeclampsia, bacterial vaginosis, gestational diabetes, increased risk of cesarean delivery) and fetal complications (affecting skeletal development and tooth enamel, impaired fetal growth). Also, newborns from mothers with vitamin D deficiency have an increased risk of tetany, hypocalcemia, with or without seizures and an increased susceptibility to respiratory diseases (asthma, bronchiolitis RSV). Conclusions: There is no current consensus on routine screening of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy, nor the required dosage for vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women. All pregnant women should have a balanced diet and get vitamin D as part of prenatal vitamins. Their purpose is to increase the availability of calcidiol to the fetus and newborn with a beneficial role over the classic effects of vitamin D and possibly over the non-calciotropic ones.

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