Effect of Dairy Protein Intake on Muscle Mass among Korean Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study

This cohort study aimed to identify the associations of dairy protein intake with the risk of developing a low muscle mass during a 12-year follow-up period, using data from 4412 middle-aged Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study participants with a normal baseline muscle mass. Dairy protein intake at baseline was assessed using a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), defined as the weight-adjusted skeletal muscle mass, was measured biennially using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyses. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Overall, 395 subjects developed a low SMI (%) during an average follow-up of 141 (19–152) months. The average consumption of milk and other dairy products was 73.6 and 104.1 g/day, respectively. In men, a higher dairy protein intake was associated with a decreased risk of developing a low SMI (tertile 3 [T3] vs. T1, HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.94; p for trend = 0.029). In a stratified analysis according to a total protein intake, this association was stronger in the lower-protein intake group (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.99; p for trend = 0.036) but not detected in the higher-protein intake group. Men who consumed milk ≥1 time/day had a significantly lower risk of developing a low SMI (HR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.98; p for trend = 0.023). No significant associations were observed in women. In summary, dairy consumption appears to be beneficial for decreasing the risk of developing a low muscle mass in middle-aged Korean men.

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Effect of Exercise Habit on Skeletal Muscle Mass Varies with Protein Intake in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12103220 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 3220 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yoshitaka Hashimoto ◽

Ayumi Kaji ◽

Ryosuke Sakai ◽

Fuyuko Takahashi ◽

Rena Kawano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Exercise Habit

Exercise has been reported to be effective in maintaining and recovering muscle; however, the effect of exercise combined with adequate or inadequate protein intake on muscle mass is not clear. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of exercise habit on changes in muscle mass, with adequate or inadequate protein intake. This retrospective cohort study included 214 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. The rate of skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) change (%) was defined as ((SMI at follow-up minus SMI at baseline)/(follow-up years [kg/m2/year] × SMI at baseline [kg/m2])) × 100. Adequate protein intake was defined as protein intake ≥1.2 g/kg ideal body weight/day. During a mean follow-up duration of 18.0 (7.1) months, the rate of SMI change was −1.14 (4.10)% in the whole sample. The rate of SMI change of non-habitual exercisers with inadequate protein intake, habitual exercisers with inadequate protein intake, non-habitual exercisers with adequate protein intake, and habitual exercisers with adequate protein intake was −1.22 (3.71), −2.31 (3.30), −1.88 (4.62), and 0.36 (4.29)%, respectively. Compared with patients with exercise habit and adequate protein intake, the odds ratio for decreasing SMI was 2.50 (0.90–6.90, p = 0.078) in patients with no exercise habit and inadequate protein intake, 3.58 (1.24–10.4, p = 0.019) in those with exercise habit and inadequate protein intake, and 3.03 (1.27–7.22, p = 0.012) in those with no exercise habit and adequate protein intake, after adjusting for covariates. Therefore, exercise habit without adequate protein intake was associated with an increased risk of decreasing SMI compared with exercise habit with adequate protein intake.

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Protein intake per day and at each daily meal and skeletal muscle mass declines among older community dwellers in Japan

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019002921 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 1090-1097 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Rei Otsuka ◽

Yuki Kato ◽

Chikako Tange ◽

Yukiko Nishita ◽

Makiko Tomida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Total Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Total Protein Intake ◽

Dietary Records ◽

Logistic Modelling ◽

Community Dwellers

AbstractObjective:To examine associations between protein intake per day and at different meals and skeletal muscle mass declines.Design:Two-year prospective cohort study among older community dwellers.Setting:National Institute for Longevity Sciences–Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA) in Japan.Participants:Older men (n 292) and women (n 363) aged 60–87 years who participated in the baseline (2006–2008) and follow-up studies (2008–2010) of NILS-LSA and did not exhibit low skeletal muscle mass at baseline. Muscle mass was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and follow-up. Low muscle mass was defined as skeletal muscle mass index <7·0 kg/m2 for men and <5·4 kg/m2 for women at follow-up. Daily protein intake and protein intake at each meal were calculated from 3 d dietary records at baseline and sex-stratified tertiles were determined.Results:Mean (sd) protein intake at breakfast, lunch and dinner was 22·7 (7·8), 26·7 (9·3) and 37·4 (10·5) g for men and 19·3 (6·3), 23·2 (7·3) and 28·5 (7·0) g for women, respectively. After adjusting for age, baseline skeletal muscle mass and other confounders in logistic modelling, greater total protein intake was associated with lower prevalence of skeletal muscle mass decline among men at follow-up (P = 0·024). Particularly, the OR (95 % CI) for high lunchtime protein intake was low (0·11 (0·02, 0·61); P = 0·01). No significant association between total protein intake and prevalence of skeletal muscle mass decline was found among women.Conclusions:High total protein intake, particularly at lunchtime, is associated with retention of skeletal muscle mass in men.

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Dietary betaine intake is associated with skeletal muscle mass change over 3 years in middle-aged adults: the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114520002433 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Jing-An Long ◽

Rong-Huan Zhong ◽

Si Chen ◽

Fan Wang ◽

Yun Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Health Study ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Nutrition And Health ◽

Skeletal Mass ◽

Age Related ◽

Middle Aged Adults

Abstract A higher dietary intake or serum concentration of betaine has been associated with greater lean body mass in middle-aged and older adults. However, it remains unknown whether betaine intake is associated with age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass (SMM). We assessed the association between dietary betaine intake and relative changes in SMM after 3 years in middle-aged adults. A total of 1242 participants aged 41–60 years from the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study 2011–2013 and 2014–2017 with body composition measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were included. A face-to-face questionnaire was used to collect general baseline information. After adjustment for potential confounders, multiple linear regression found that energy-adjusted dietary betaine intake was significantly and positively associated with relative changes (i.e. percentage loss or increase) in SMM of legs, limbs and appendicular skeletal mass index (ASMI) over 3 years of follow-up (β 0·322 (se 0·157), 0·309 (se 0·142) and 0·303 (se 0·145), respectively; P < 0·05). The ANCOVA models revealed that participants in the highest betaine tertile had significantly less loss in SMM of limbs and ASMI and more increase in SMM of legs over 3 years of follow-up, compared with those in the bottom betaine tertile (all Ptrend < 0·05). In conclusion, our findings suggest that elevated higher dietary betaine intake may be associated with less loss of SMM of legs, limbs and ASMI in middle-aged adults.

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Alcohol Consumption Reduces the Beneficial Influence of Protein Intake on Muscle Mass in Middle-Aged Korean Adults: A 12-Year Community-Based Prospective Cohort Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11092143 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 2143

Author(s):

Eunjin So ◽

Hyojee Joung

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Reference Group ◽

High Protein ◽

Study Endpoint ◽

Middle Aged ◽

High Protein Intake

The influence of alcohol consumption on the association of protein intake with muscle mass was assessed using data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Dietary protein intakes of 4412 middle-aged participants with normal baseline muscle mass were assessed using a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire, and baseline alcohol consumption data (e.g., frequency and amount) were collected using a structured questionnaire. The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), defined as the weight-adjusted skeletal muscle mass, was measured using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyses every 2 years until the study endpoint. Low muscle mass was defined as a SMI <2 standard deviations below the sex-specific normal mean for a young reference group. During a 12-year follow-up, 395 subjects developed a low SMI. After multivariate adjustments, high protein intake (≥1.2 g/kg body weight (BW)) was shown to reduce the risk of low SMI development in both men (hazard ratio (HR): 0.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.12, 0.51; p for trend < 0.001) and women (HR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.53; p for trend < 0.001), compared with low protein intake (<0.8 g/kg BW). Alcohol consumption attenuated the protective influence of protein intake against low SMI development in women (HR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.18, 2.25; p for trend = 0.478). Among the total subjects, heavy drinkers with high protein intake were not significantly associated with the development of a low SMI (HR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.03, 1.50; p = 0.117). Additional research should clarify the dose-response effects of alcohol consumption on muscle mass relative to daily protein intake.

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Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Change in Skeletal Muscle Mass in Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084188 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4188

Author(s):

Yuka Hasegawa ◽

Fuyuko Takahashi ◽

Yoshitaka Hashimoto ◽

Chihiro Munekawa ◽

Yukako Hosomi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Older Patients ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic restrictions on the change in muscle mass in older patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), who were not infected with COVID-19. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, data were obtained from outpatients who underwent bioelectrical impedance analysis at least twice before April 2020 and at least once thereafter. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI, kg/m2) was calculated as appendicular muscle mass (kg) divided by height squared (m2). Change in SMI (kg/m2/year) was calculated as (follow-up SMI—baseline SMI/follow-up period). The differences between the changes in SMI before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic were evaluated using paired t test. Results: This study recruited 56 patients, with a mean (SD) age of 75.2 (7.1) years. SMI changed from 6.7 (0.9) to 6.8 (0.9) kg/m2 before the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas SMI changed from 6.8 (0.9) to 6.6 (0.9) kg/m2 after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. SMI decreased after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic compared with before the pandemic (−0.117 (0.240) vs. 0.005 (0.289) kg/m2/year, p = 0.049). This decrease was observed in men (−0.159 (0.257) vs. 0.031 (0.325) kg/m2/year, p = 0.038), patients with poor glycemic control (−0.170 (0.264) vs. 0.031 (0.285) kg/m2/year, p = 0.042), and those with a long diabetes duration (−0.153 (0.229) vs. 0.082 (0.291) kg/m2, p = 0.049). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic restrictions caused muscle mass loss in older patents with T2D. Actions, including recommendation of exercise and adequate diet intake, are needed to prevent loss of muscle mass.

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