scholarly journals The Roles of Prebiotics on Impaired Immune System in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1SP) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Zakiudin Munasir
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
Narrative Literature Review ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Background: After birth, preterm infants face numerous challenges, including short and long-term morbidities, to survive and grow well with impaired immune and gastrointestinal systems. According to data from 184 countries, preterm birth rate ranges from 5-18%, accounting for 35% of all new born deaths. Purpose: This literature review aimed to summarize the evidence for the impact of prematurity on immune system development and the benefit of prebiotics on gut microbiota and immune responses. Discussion: Various studies in this narrative literature review showed that preterm infants have both qualitative and quantitative immune response deficits compared to term infants. Preterm newborns also have impaired intestinal immunity, underdeveloped intestinal mucosa barrier, and gut dysbiosis, which predisposes them to life-threatening infections. Early balanced gut microbiota in infants believed to be essential for adequate intestinal physiological functions and immune system maturation. The use of prebiotics, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in human breast milk, has been found to decrease the risk of various infections and cognitive impairment. A previous study found that prebiotic oligosaccharides supplementation was well-tolerated, significantly increased Bifidobacteria growth, and reduced the presence of gut pathogens. Conclusions: There was robust evidence that breast milk and prebiotics supplementation may support the gut microbiome and immune system in preterm infants. However, different types of synthetic prebiotics offer different benefits, and the protective effect seems to depend on the supplementation duration and dosage.

Interprofessional simulation training in difficult airway management: a narrative review

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Coyle ◽  
Daphne Martin ◽  
Karen McCutcheon
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Airway Management ◽  
Difficult Airway ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Simulation Training ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Difficult Airway Management ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
Narrative Literature Review ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this narrative literature review was to explore the impact of interprofessional simulation-based team training on difficult airway management. The Fourth National Audit Project of The Royal College of Anaesthetists and The Difficult Airway Society identified recurrent deficits in practice that included delayed recognition of critical events, inadequate provision of appropriately trained staff and poor collaboration and communication strategies between teams. Computerised databases were assessed to enable data collection, and a narrative literature review and synthesis of eight quantitative studies were performed. Four core themes were identified: debriefing, measures of assessment and evaluation, non-technical skills and patient safety, and patient outcomes. There are many benefits to be gained from interprofessional simulation training as a method of teaching high-risk and infrequent clinical airway emergencies. The practised response to emergency algorithms is crucial and plays a vital role in the reduction of errors and adverse patient outcomes.

scholarly journals The impact of chronic non-specific cough on children and their families: A narrative literature review

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-160
Author(s):  
Gill Waring ◽  
Susan Kirk ◽  
Debbie Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Quality Of Sleep ◽  
Specific Diagnosis ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Persistent Cough ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
Narrative Literature Review ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Appraisal Tool

The aim of this article is to critically appraise and synthesize research that examines the impact chronic non-specific cough has on children and their families and to highlight gaps within the research. Chronic non-specific cough refers to a persistent cough without a specific diagnosis. While studies have begun to examine the impact on children and their families, this research has not been synthesized and appraised. A narrative literature review was undertaken. A comprehensive and systematic search was undertaken, using CINAHL, MEDLINE, British Nursing Index, PsycINFO, Cochrane Wiley Library and ASSIA databases. Studies were critically appraised for quality using the Hawker et al.’s appraisal tool. A narrative review of the findings was undertaken. Nine quantitative studies were included in the review. The article suggests that chronic non-specific cough affects the quality of life of both families and children, affecting quality of sleep, impacting upon participation in activities, causing emotional distress and creating substantial demand on the health service. Furthermore, the research highlighted the worries experienced by parents in relation to the cause of their child’s cough. The review did not identify any qualitative research in this area and only one study collected data directly from children.

Suicide and assisted dying in dementia: what we know and what we need to know. A narrative literature review

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1247-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Diehl-Schmid ◽  
R. Jox ◽  
S. Gauthier ◽  
S. Belleville ◽  
E. Racine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Assisted Dying ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
Narrative Literature Review ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Risk Factors For Suicide

ABSTRACTBackground:Evidence-based data on prevalence and risk factors of suicidal intentions and behavior in dementia are as scarce as the data on assisted dying. The present literature review aimed on summarizing the current knowledge and provides a critical discussion of the results.Methods:A systematic narrative literature review was performed using Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PSYNDEX, PSYCINFO, Sowiport, and Social Sciences Citation Index literature.Results:Dementia as a whole does not appear to be a risk factor for suicide completion. Nonetheless some subgroups of patients with dementia apparently have an increased risk for suicidal behavior, such as patients with psychiatric comorbidities (particularly depression) and of younger age. Furthermore, a recent diagnosis of dementia, semantic dementia, and previous suicide attempts most probably elevate the risk for suicidal intentions and behavior. The impact of other potential risk factors, such as patient's cognitive impairment profile, behavioral disturbances, social isolation, or a biomarker based presymptomatic diagnosis has not yet been investigated. Assisted dying in dementia is rare but numbers seem to increase in regions where it is legally permitted.Conclusion:Most studies that had investigated the prevalence and risk factors for suicide in dementia had significant methodological limitations. Large prospective studies need to be conducted in order to evaluate risk factors for suicide and assisted suicide in patients with dementia and persons with very early or presymptomatic diagnoses of dementia. In clinical practice, known risk factors for suicide should be assessed in a standardized way so that appropriate action can be taken when necessary.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding and Gut Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bita Najafian ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Khosravi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Health Related

Human breast milk (HBM) not only is a source of nutrition for infants but also contains a variety of biologically active components and bacterial species. These molecules and bacteria guide both intestinal microbiota and infantile immune system. Recently published studies have found several vital roles for gut microbiota including effects on the individual’s personality, decreased predisposition to the diseases, and a variety of other health-related consequences such as possible therapeutic effects or preventing role. In this chapter the components of human breast milk and its effect on shaping the human gut microbiota have been reviewed.

scholarly journals Growth and Development in Preterm Infants: What is The Long-Term Risk?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1SP) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Bernie Endyarni Medise
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Adequate Nutrition ◽  
Nutrition Supplementation ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Background: Indonesia comes in the fifth for the greatest number of preterm births. Preterm infants may inflict various complication as the result of underdeveloped immunity, affecting their growth and development in the long run until they reach adult phase. Such complications could be prevented through adequate nutrition fulfillment. Purpose: This article aimed to elaborate the characteristics of growth and development of premature babies, long term effect on the development and the impact of immunity and gut health of preterm infants in supporting their growth and development. Methods: References cited in this article were obtained from the latest primary literature within the last 10 years. Discussion: The rate and ability of infants to perform catch-up growth depends on the birth weight and gestation age, at which the lower birth weight and lower gestational age had slower rate. Brain structures that of preterm infants differ compared to the term, and these changes give rise to various clinical outcomes, including long term emotional, behavioral changes, cognitive and executive functioning. Immature immune system in preterm infants reduces the protective ability by innate and adaptive immunity in overcoming pathogens compared to term infants, including gut microbiota prematurity which affects nutrition absorption and growth and development catch up ability. Appropriate and adequate nutrition supplementation has shown beneficial effects in promoting the growth of normal gut flora, which allow better absorption of nutrition and therefore enhancing growth rate and supporting the development of preterm infants. Conclusions: Optimal growth and development of preterm infants are supported by sufficient nutrition supplementation to support the growth of gut microbiota, facilitating the catch-up growth and development of premature infants and immune system maturity.

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