A Review of the Properties of Anthocyanins and Their Influence on Factors Affecting Cardiometabolic and Cognitive Health

The incidence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases has increased over the last decades and is an important cause of death worldwide. An upcoming ingredient on the nutraceutical market are anthocyanins, a flavonoid subgroup, abundant mostly in berries and fruits. Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between anthocyanin intake and improved cardiovascular risk, type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarct. Clinical studies using anthocyanins have shown a significant decrease in inflammation markers and oxidative stress, a beneficial effect on vascular function and hyperlipidemia by decreasing low-density lipoprotein and increasing high-density lipoprotein. They have also shown a potential effect on glucose homeostasis and cognitive decline. This review summarizes the effects of anthocyanins in in-vitro, animal and human studies to give an overview of their application in medical prevention or as a dietary supplement.

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Influence of fish oil supplementation on in vivo and in vitro oxidation resistance of low-density lipoprotein in type 2 diabetes

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601602 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 57 (5) ◽

pp. 713-720 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

H Pedersen ◽

M Petersen ◽

A Major-Pedersen ◽

T Jensen ◽

N S Nielsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Oxidation Resistance ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Low Density ◽

Fish Oil Supplementation

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Enhanced susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to in vitro oxidation in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients

Clinica Chimica Acta ◽

10.1016/0009-8981(95)06106-n ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 239 (2) ◽

pp. 131-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Jean-Louis Beaudeux ◽

Pierre-Jean Guillausseau ◽

Jacqueline Peynet ◽

Françoise Flourie ◽

Michel Assayag ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Low Density ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

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Contribution of rare coding mutations in CD36 to type 2 diabetes and cardio-metabolic complications

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-53388-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

David Meyre ◽

Edward J. Andress ◽

Tanmay Sharma ◽

Marjolein Snippe ◽

Hamza Asif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipid Binding ◽

European Ancestry ◽

Missense Mutations ◽

Metabolic Complications ◽

Mutant Proteins

AbstractWe sequenced coding regions of the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) gene in 184 French individuals of European ancestry presenting simultaneously with type 2 diabetes (T2D), arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary heart disease. We identified rare missense mutations (p.Pro191Leu/rs143150225 and p.Ala252Val/rs147624636) in two heterozygous cases. The two CD36 mutation carriers had no family history of T2D and no clustering of cardio-metabolic complications. While the p.Pro191Leu mutation was found in 84 heterozygous carriers from five ethnic groups from the genome aggregation database (global frequency: 0.0297%, N = 141,321), only one European carrier of the p.Ala252Val mutation was identified (global frequency: 0.00040%, N = 125,523). The Pro191 and Ala252 amino acids were not conserved (74.8% and 68.9% across 131 animal species, respectively). In vitro experiments showed that the two CD36 mutant proteins are expressed and trafficked to the plasma membrane where they bind modified low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol as normal. However, molecular modelling of the recent CD36 crystal structure showed that Pro191 was located at the exit/entrance gate of the lipid binding chamber and Ala252 was in line with the chamber. Overall, our data do not support a major contribution of CD36 rare coding mutations to T2D and its cardio-metabolic complications in the French population.

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Small dense LDL is more susceptible to glycation than more buoyant LDL in Type 2 diabetes

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20120304 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 124 (5) ◽

pp. 343-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Nahla N. Younis ◽

Handrean Soran ◽

Philip Pemberton ◽

Valentine Charlton-Menys ◽

Mohamed M. Elseweidy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Free Amino ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipid Peroxide ◽

Amino Groups ◽

Small Dense Ldl ◽

Ldl Subfractions

Glycation of apoB (apolipoprotein B) of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) increases its atherogenicity. Concentrations of both serum glyc-apoB (glycated apoB) and SD-LDL (small dense LDL) (syn LDL3; D=1.044–1.063 g/ml) are increased in diabetes and are closely correlated. We studied whether SD-LDL is more susceptible to glycation in vitro than more buoyant LDL in statin- and non-statin-treated Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum SD-LDL apoB and glyc-apoB on statins was 20±2 (means±S.D.) and 3.6±0.41 compared with 47±3 and 5.89±0.68 mg/dl in those not receiving statins (P<0.001 and <0.01, respectively). There was a dose-dependent increase in glycation on incubation of LDL subfractions with glucose, which was accompanied by an increase in LPO (lipid peroxide) and electrophoretic mobility and a decrease in free amino groups. SD-LDL was more susceptible to these changes than more buoyant LDL. Both SD-LDL and more buoyant LDL from statin-treated patients were less susceptible to glycation. There were fewer free amino groups on LDL subfractions from statin-treated patients, which may contribute to this resistance. In conclusion, greater susceptibility of SD-LDL to glycation is likely to contribute to the raised levels of circulating glyc-apoB in diabetes. Statins are associated with lower levels of both SD-LDL and glyc-apoB.

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Role of TNF-α in vascular dysfunction

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20080196 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 116 (3) ◽

pp. 219-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 342

Author(s):

Hanrui Zhang ◽

Yoonjung Park ◽

Junxi Wu ◽

Xiu ping Chen ◽

Sewon Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vascular Function ◽

Vascular Dysfunction ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Nuclear Factor Κb ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Density Lipoprotein Receptor

Healthy vascular function is primarily regulated by several factors including EDRF (endothelium-dependent relaxing factor), EDCF (endothelium-dependent contracting factor) and EDHF (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor). Vascular dysfunction or injury induced by aging, smoking, inflammation, trauma, hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia are among a myriad of risk factors that may contribute to the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes and atherosclerosis. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the impaired vascular activity remain unresolved and there is no current scientific consensus. Accumulating evidence suggests that the inflammatory cytokine TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-α plays a pivotal role in the disruption of macrovascular and microvascular circulation both in vivo and in vitro. AGEs (advanced glycation end-products)/RAGE (receptor for AGEs), LOX-1 [lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1) and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) signalling play key roles in TNF-α expression through an increase in circulating and/or local vascular TNF-α production. The increase in TNF-α expression induces the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), resulting in endothelial dysfunction in many pathophysiological conditions. Lipid metabolism, dietary supplements and physical activity affect TNF-α expression. The interaction between TNF-α and stem cells is also important in terms of vascular repair or regeneration. Careful scrutiny of these factors may help elucidate the mechanisms that induce vascular dysfunction. The focus of the present review is to summarize recent evidence showing the role of TNF-α in vascular dysfunction in cardiovascular disease. We believe these findings may prompt new directions for targeting inflammation in future therapies.

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Monocytic expression of osteoclast-associated receptor is induced in atherosclerotic mice and regulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein in vitro

Bone Abstracts ◽

10.1530/boneabs.1.pp472 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Kathrin Sinningen ◽

Martina Rauner ◽

Nadia Al-Fakhri ◽

Michael Schoppet ◽

Lorenz Hofbauer

Keyword(s):

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Low Density ◽

Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein

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Therapeutic Application of Diacylglycerol Oil for Obesity: Serotonin Hypothesis

Functional Foods in Health and Disease ◽

10.31989/ffhd.v2i1.103 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hidekatsu Yanai ◽

Hiroshi Yoshida ◽

Yuji Hirowatari ◽

Norio Tada

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Uncoupling Protein ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Serotonin Release ◽

Intestinal Cell ◽

Therapeutic Application ◽

Postprandial Triglyceride

Characteristics for the serum lipid abnormalities in the obesity/metabolic syndrome are elevated fasting, postprandial triglyceride (TG), and decreased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Diacylglycerol (DAG) oil ingestion has been reported to ameliorate postprandial hyperlipidemia and prevent obesity by increasing energy expenditure, due to the intestinal physiochemical dynamics that differ from triacylglycerol (TAG). Our study demonstrated that DAG suppresses postprandial increase in TG-rich lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and insulin, as compared with TAG in young, healthy individuals. Interestingly, our study also presented that DAG significantly increases plasma serotonin, which is mostly present in the intestine, and mediates thermogenesis, proposing a possible mechanism for a postprandial increase in energy expenditure by DAG. Our other study demonstrated that DAG suppresses postprandial increase in TG, VLDL-C, and remnant-like particle-cholesterol, in comparison with TAG in an apolipoprotein C-II deficient subject, suggesting that DAG suppresses postprandial TG-rich lipoprotein independently of lipoprotein lipase. Further, to understand the molecular mechanisms for DAG-mediated increase in serotonin and energy expenditure, we studied the effects of 1-monoacylglycerol and 2-monoacylglycerol, distinct digestive products of DAG and TAG, respectively, on serotonin release from the Caco-2 cells, the human intestinal cell line. We also studied effects of 1- and 2-monoacylglycerol, and serotonin on the expression of mRNA associated with β-oxidation, fatty acids metabolism, and thermogenesis, in the Caco-2 cells. 1-monoacylglycerol significantly increased serotonin release from the Caco-2 cells, compared with 2-monoacylglycerol by approximately 40%. The expression of mRNA of acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO), fatty acid translocase (FAT), and uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2), was significantly higher in 1-MOG-treated Caco-2 cells, than 2-MOG-treated cells. The expression of mRNA of ACO, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, FAT, and UCP-2, was significantly elevated in serotonin-treated Caco-2 cells, compared to cells incubated without serotonin. In conclusion, our clinical and in vitro studies suggested a possible therapeutic application of DAG for obesity, and obesity-related metabolic disorders.Key words: Diacylglycerol, intestine, obesity, serotonin, thermogenesis

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Comparative Evaluation on Impacts of Fibronectin, Heparin–Chitosan, and Albumin Coating of Bacterial Nanocellulose Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts on Endothelialization In Vitro

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11081952 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1952

Author(s):

Max Wacker ◽

Jan Riedel ◽

Heike Walles ◽

Maximilian Scherner ◽

George Awad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Vascular Grafts ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Human Albumin ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Bacterial Nanocellulose ◽

Functionally Impaired ◽

Small Diameter Vascular Grafts

In this study, we contrast the impacts of surface coating bacterial nanocellulose small-diameter vascular grafts (BNC-SDVGs) with human albumin, fibronectin, or heparin–chitosan upon endothelialization with human saphenous vein endothelial cells (VEC) or endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in vitro. In one scenario, coated grafts were cut into 2D circular patches for static colonization of a defined inner surface area; in another scenario, they were mounted on a customized bioreactor and subsequently perfused for cell seeding. We evaluated the colonization by emerging metabolic activity and the preservation of endothelial functionality by water soluble tetrazolium salts (WST-1), acetylated low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL) uptake assays, and immune fluorescence staining. Uncoated BNC scaffolds served as controls. The fibronectin coating significantly promoted adhesion and growth of VECs and EPCs, while albumin only promoted adhesion of VECs, but here, the cells were functionally impaired as indicated by missing AcLDL uptake. The heparin–chitosan coating led to significantly improved adhesion of EPCs, but not VECs. In summary, both fibronectin and heparin–chitosan coatings could beneficially impact the endothelialization of BNC-SDVGs and might therefore represent promising approaches to help improve the longevity and reduce the thrombogenicity of BNC-SDVGs in the future.

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Modelling the Reallocation of Time Spent Sitting into Physical Activity: Isotemporal Substitution vs. Compositional Isotemporal Substitution

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18126210 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 6210

Author(s):

Gregory J. H. Biddle ◽

Joseph Henson ◽

Stuart J. H. Biddle ◽

Melanie J. Davies ◽

Kamlesh Khunti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Future Research ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Randomised Control Trials ◽

Data Driven Decisions

Isotemporal substitution modelling (ISM) and compositional isotemporal modelling (CISM) are statistical approaches used in epidemiology to model the associations of replacing time in one physical behaviour with time in another. This study’s aim was to use both ISM and CISM to examine and compare associations of reallocating 60 min of sitting into standing or stepping with markers of cardiometabolic health. Cross-sectional data collected during three randomised control trials (RCTs) were utilised. All participants (n = 1554) were identified as being at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Reallocating 60 min from sitting to standing and to stepping was associated with a lower BMI, waist circumference, and triglycerides and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol using both ISM and CISM (p < 0.05). The direction and magnitude of significant associations were consistent across methods. No associations were observed for hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol for either method. Results of both ISM and CISM were broadly similar, allowing for the interpretation of previous research, and should enable future research in order to make informed methodological, data-driven decisions.

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