scholarly journals Early Appearance of Epicardial Adipose Tissue through Human Development

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2906
Author(s):  
Juliana Perez-Miguelsanz ◽  
Vanesa Jiménez-Ortega ◽  
Pilar Cano-Barquilla ◽  
Marta Garaulet ◽  
Ana I. Esquifino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Early Appearance ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Genetic Features ◽  
Early Origin ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
Stage 1

Background: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a visceral fat depot with unique anatomic, biomolecular and genetic features. Due to its proximity to the coronary arteries and myocardium, dysfunctional EAT may contribute to the development and progression of cardiovascular and metabolic-related adiposity-based chronic diseases. The aim of this work was to describe, by morphological techniques, the early origin of EAT. Methods: EAT adipogenesis was studied in 41 embryos from 32 gestational days (GD) to 8 gestational weeks (GW) and in 23 fetuses until full term (from 9 to 36 GW). Results: This process comprises five stages. Stage 1 appears as mesenchyme at 33–35 GD. Stage 2 is characterized by angiogenesis at 42–45 GD. Stage 3 covers up to 34 GW with the appearance of small fibers in the extracellular matrix. Stage 4 is visible around the coronary arteries, as multilocular adipocytes in primitive fat lobules, and Stage 5 is present with unilocular adipocytes in the definitive fat lobules. EAT precursor tissue appears as early as the end of the first gestational month in the atrioventricular grooves. Unilocular adipocytes appear at the eighth gestational month. Conclusions: Due to its early origin, plasticity and clinical implications, factors such as maternal health and nutrition might influence EAT early development in consequence.

scholarly journals Epicardial adipose tissue differentiates in patients with and without coronary microvascular dysfunction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihab Mahmoud ◽  
Iryna Dykun ◽  
Luisa Kärner ◽  
Stefanie Hendricks ◽  
Matthias Totzeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Microvascular Dysfunction ◽  
Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction ◽  
Local Inflammation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Fat Depot

Abstract Background/Objectives Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is a common disorder, leading to symptoms similar to obstructive coronary artery disease and bears important prognostic implications. Local inflammation is suggested to promote development of CMD. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a local visceral fat depot surrounding the heart and the coronary arteries, modifying the inflammatory environment of the heart. We compared EAT in patients with and without CMD. Methods We retrospectively included consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography as well as transthoracic echocardiography between March and October 2016. EAT thickness was defined as space between the epicardial wall of the myocardium and the visceral layer of the pericardium and EAT index was calculated as EAT thickness/body surface area. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of EAT index with the presence of CMD. Results Overall, 399 patients (mean age 60.2 ± 14.0 years, 46% male) were included. EAT thickness was significantly higher in patients with CMD compared to patients without CMD (EAT thickness 4.4 ± 1.8 vs. 4.9 ± 2.4 mm, p = 0,048 for patients without and with CMD, respectively). In univariate regression analysis, EAT index was associated with a 30% higher frequency of CMD (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.30 [1.001–1.69], p = 0.049). Effect sizes remained stable upon adjustment for body mass index (BMI, 1.30 [1.003–1.70], p = 0.048), but were attenuated when ancillary adjusting for age and gender (1.17 [0.90–1.54, p = 0.25). The effect was more pronounced in patients >65 years of age and independent of BMI and sex (1.85 [1.14–3.00], p = 0.013). Conclusion EAT thickness is independently associated with CMD and can differentiate between patients with and without CMD especially in older age groups. Our results support the hypothesis that modulation of local inflammation by epicardial fat is involved in the development of CMD.

scholarly journals Epicardial adipose tissue: an emerging biomarker of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 204201882092882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regitse Højgaard Christensen ◽  
Bernt Johan von Scholten ◽  
Louise Lang Lehrskov ◽  
Peter Rossing ◽  
Peter Godsk Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Pericardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Fat Depot

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and heart failure, which highlights the need for improved understanding of factors contributing to the pathophysiology of these complications as they are the leading cause of mortality in T2D. Patients with T2D have high levels of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT). EAT is known to secrete inflammatory factors, lipid metabolites, and has been proposed to apply mechanical stress on the cardiac muscle that may accelerate atherosclerosis, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure. High levels of EAT in patients with T2D have been associated with atherosclerosis, diastolic dysfunction, and incident cardiovascular events, and this fat depot has been suggested as an important link coupling diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Despite this, the predictive potential of EAT in general, and in patients with diabetes, is yet to be established, and, up until now, the clinical relevance of EAT is therefore limited. Should this link be established, importantly, studies show that this fat depot can be modified both by pharmacological and lifestyle interventions. In this review, we first introduce the role of adipose tissue in T2D and present mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of EAT and pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) in general, and in patients with T2D. Next, we summarize the evidence that these fat depots are elevated in patients with T2D, and discuss whether they might drive the high cardiometabolic risk in patients with T2D. Finally, we discuss the clinical potential of cardiac adipose tissues, address means to target this depot, and briefly touch upon underlying mechanisms and future research questions.

scholarly journals Community-based screening to determine the prevalence, health and nutritional status of patients with CKD in rural and peri-urban Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 204062232110352
Author(s):  
Mohammad Habibur Rahman Sarker ◽  
Michiko Moriyama ◽  
Harun Ur Rashid ◽  
Mohammod Jobayer Chisti ◽  
Md Moshiur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Urine Albumin ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Stage 1

Background: Studies have labelled chronic kidney disease (CKD) among the adult population in urban Bangladesh. To address knowledge gaps on CKD, we aimed to generate data on prevalence, health and nutrition of CKD individuals living in rural and peri-urban Bangladesh. Methods: Participants were recruited from the Mirzapur Demographic Surveillance System by age-stratified random sampling. We screened participants by measuring serum creatinine and urine albumin to creatinine ratio, and collected socio-demographic, lifestyles and health information (phase I). After 3 months (phase II), we repeated the urine and blood tests as per the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines. The glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Results: Among 928 participants, 872 completed the study. In phase I, probable CKD cases were 281 (32.2%); in phase II, confirmed cases were 192 (22.0%) (stage 1, 4.0%; stage 2, 11.8%; stage 3, 5.5%; stage 4, 0.6%; stage 5, 0.1%). In multivariable analysis, associated factors for prevalent CKD included aged ⩾60 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 5.02; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.85–13.65], hypertension (aOR 3.08; 95% CI 2.07–4.59), diabetes (aOR 2.52; 95% CI 1.60–3.96), presence of red blood cell in urine (aOR 3.20; 95% CI 1.71–5.98) and anemia (aOR 2.50; 95% CI 1.63–3.84). Conclusions: This is the first ever research on CKD prevalence in rural and peri-urban Bangladesh and recorded about 22%, which is higher than urban settings. Monitoring systems are needed to evaluate the overall burden and to mitigate risk factors with an emphasis on the rural and peri-urban population.

scholarly journals The Role of Quantitative Assessment of Visceral Adipose Tissue of the Heart as a Predictor for Cardiovascular Events

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 387-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Chernina ◽  
S. P. Morozov ◽  
L. A. Nizovtsova ◽  
I. A. Blokhin ◽  
D. I. Sitdikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness ◽  
Pericardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Automatic Methods ◽  
Visceral Adipose ◽  
The Relationship

Objective of this article – to evaluate possibilities to visualize cardiac visceral adipose tissue by echocardiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonanse imaging (MRI) and to systematize data on its physiological and pathological roles. To achieve this goal, the authors analyzed relevant Russian and foreign sources of literature in the scientific libraries eLIBRARY and PubMed, by using the keywords: “pericardial fat”, “epicardial fat”, “visceral fat of the heart”, “epicardial adipose tissue”, “pericardial adipose tissue”, and “adipocytokine”. Actual data as of November 2018 were collected. The review presents up-to-date data on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of cytokines secreted by pericardial adipose tissue, as well as on correlations and possible theories of the relationship between the volumes of pericardial adipose tissue and the development of coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, and metabolic syndrome. According to echocardiography, epicardial adipose tissue thickness is a reliable predictor for the presence of high-risk atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries. Adipose tissue volume can be measured with high accuracy using CT (manual, semi-automatic, and automatic methods).A number of studies prove that MRI can be used for assigned tasks. The current notion of the role of these adipose depots can potentially be used in assessing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The literature review presented confirms that visceral adipose tissue of the heart has a direct effect on the myocardium and coronary arteries and can be quantified using echocardiography, CT and MRI.

scholarly journals The epicardial adipose tissue and the coronary arteries: dangerous liaisons

2019 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 1013-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalinda Madonna ◽  
Marika Massaro ◽  
Egeria Scoditti ◽  
Irene Pescetelli ◽  
Raffaele De Caterina
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue

Epicardial adipose tissue and relationship with coronary artery disease

Open Medicine ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Silaghi ◽  
Raluca Pais ◽  
Ana Valea ◽  
Aurel Mironiuc ◽  
Horatiu Silaghi
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Visceral Adiposity ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Artery Disease

AbstractEpicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is metabolically active tissue that accumulates around the coronary arteries. Epicardial fat is a rich source of free fatty acids and may contribute to local inflammatory load by increased synthesis of inflammatory cytokines. Direct passage of bioactive molecules into the coronary arteries due to close contact with the vascular wall and the lack of fascia may contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. Direct correlation between visceral fat and EAT defines the latter as an indirect marker of intra-abdominal visceral adiposity. EAT is related to anthropometric and clinical features of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and to hepatic transaminases as markers of steatohepatitis. An increase in EAT thickness is related to an increase in left ventricular mass and is correlated with atrial enlargement and impairment in diastolic filling in obesity. Echocardiographic study of EAT is an easy and reliable imaging indicator of visceral adiposity and cardiovascular risk. EAT is an independent factor strongly correlated with significant coronary stenosis. A level of EAT above an established average value can be considered a predictive marker of cardiovascular risk. We review the most recent studies proving the specific active role of EAT in the development of cardiac disease.

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