Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Tea—The Positive Impact of Tea Consumption on Patients with Autoimmune Diabetes

The physiological markers of autoimmune diabetes include functional disorders of the antioxidative system as well as progressing inflammation and the presence of autoantibodies. Even though people with type 1 diabetes show genetic predispositions facilitating the onset of the disease, it is believed that dietary factors can stimulate the initiation and progression of the disease. This paper analyses the possibility of using tea as an element of diet therapy in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Based on information available in literature covering the last 10 years, the impact of regular tea consumption or diet supplements containing tea polyphenols on the oxidative status as well as inflammatory and autoimmune response of the organism was analyzed. Studies conducted on laboratory animals, human patients, and in vitro revealed positive effects of the consumption of tea or polyphenols isolated therefrom on the diabetic body. Few reports available in the literature pertain to the impact of tea on organisms affected by type 1 diabetes as most (over 85%) have focused on cases of type 2 diabetes. It has been concluded that by introducing tea into the diet, it is possible to alleviate some of the consequences of oxidative stress and inflammation, thus limiting their destructive impact on the patients’ organisms, consequently improving their quality of life, regardless of the type of diabetes. Furthermore, elimination of inflammation should reduce the incidence of immune response. One should consider more widespread promotion of tea consumption by individuals genetically predisposed to diabetes, especially considering the drink’s low price, easy availability, overall benefits to human health, and above all, the fact that it can be safely used over extended periods of time, regardless of the patient’s age.

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In amateur athletes with type 1 diabetes, a 9-day period of cycling at moderate-to-vigorous intensity unexpectedly increased the time spent in hyperglycemia, which was associated with impairment in heart rate variability

10.2337/figshare.12517397.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Elodie Lespagnol ◽

Olivia Bocock ◽

Joris Heyman ◽

François-Xavier Gamelin ◽

Serge Berthoin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Glycemic Variability ◽

Amateur Athletes ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Vigorous Intensity ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

The Impact

Objective In type 1 diabetes, autonomic dysfunction may occur early as a decrease in heart rate variability (HRV). In nondiabetic populations, the positive effects of exercise training on HRV are well documented. However, exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes, particularly if strenuous and prolonged, can lead to sharp glycemic variations, which can negatively impact HRV. This study explores the impact of a 9-day cycling tour on HRV in this population, with a focus on exercise-induced glycemic excursions. Research Design and Methods Twenty amateur athletes with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes cycled 1500km. HRV and glycemic variability were measured by heart rate and continuous glucose monitoring. Linear mixed models were used to test the effects of exercise on HRV, considering concomitant glycemic excursions and subject characteristics as covariates. Results Nighttime HRV tended to decrease with the daily distance traveled. The more time the subjects spent in hyperglycemia, the lower the parasympathetic tone was. This result is striking given that hyperglycemic excursions progressively increased throughout the 9 days of the tour, and to a greater degree on the days a longer distance was traveled, while time spent in hypoglycemia surprisingly decreased. This phenomenon occurred despite no changes in insulin administration and a decrease in carbohydrate intake from snacks. Conclusions <a>In sports enthusiasts with type 1 diabetes</a>, multiday prolonged exercise at moderate-to-vigorous intensity worsened hyperglycemia with the latter being negatively associated with parasympathetic cardiac tone. Considering the putative deleterious consequences on cardiac risks, future work should focus on understanding and managing exercise-induced hyperglycemia.

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In amateur athletes with type 1 diabetes, a 9-day period of cycling at moderate-to-vigorous intensity unexpectedly increased the time spent in hyperglycemia, which was associated with impairment in heart rate variability

10.2337/figshare.12517397 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Elodie Lespagnol ◽

Olivia Bocock ◽

Joris Heyman ◽

François-Xavier Gamelin ◽

Serge Berthoin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Glycemic Variability ◽

Amateur Athletes ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Vigorous Intensity ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

The Impact

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The Multiple Roles of B Lymphocytes in the Onset and Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes: Interactions between B Lymphocytes and T Cells

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2021/6581213 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Yangfan Xiao ◽

Chao Deng ◽

Zhiguang Zhou

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

B Cells ◽

B Lymphocytes ◽

Cell Function ◽

Autoimmune Diabetes ◽

Β Cell Function ◽

Nonobese Diabetic Mice ◽

The Impact

Although type 1 diabetes is thought to be an organ-specific autoimmune disease, mediated by effective CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, it has recently become clear that B cells participate in the initiation and progress of this disease. Indeed, B cell deletion can prevent or reverse autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice and even result in partially remaining β cell function in patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes. This review summarizes the dual role of B cells in this process not only of pathogenic effect but also of immunoregulatory function in type 1 diabetes. We focus on the impact that B cells have on regulating the activation, proliferation, and cytokine production of self-reactive T cells along with regulatory T cells, with the aim of providing a better understanding of the interactions between T and B cells in immunopathogenesis and improving the efficacy of interventions for clinical practice.

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Beta cell antigens in type 1 diabetes: triggers in pathogenesis and therapeutic targets

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.7411.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 728 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

François-Xavier Mauvais ◽

Julien Diana ◽

Peter van Endert

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Beta Cell ◽

Autoimmune Response ◽

Monitoring Tools ◽

Specific Cellular Immune Response ◽

Mechanistic Understanding ◽

Cellular Immune ◽

The Impact

Research focusing on type 1 diabetes (T1D) autoantigens aims to explore our understanding of these beta cell proteins in order to design assays for monitoring the pathogenic autoimmune response, as well as safe and efficient therapies preventing or stopping it. In this review, we will discuss progress made in the last 5 years with respect to mechanistic understanding, diagnostic monitoring, and therapeutic modulation of the autoantigen-specific cellular immune response in T1D. Some technical progress in monitoring tools has been made; however, the potential of recent technologies for highly multiplexed exploration of human cellular immune responses remains to be exploited in T1D research, as it may be the key to the identification of surrogate markers of disease progression that are still wanting. Detailed analysis of autoantigen recognition by T cells suggests an important role of non-conventional antigen presentation and processing in beta cell-directed autoimmunity, but the impact of this in human T1D has been little explored. Finally, therapeutic administration of autoantigens to T1D patients has produced disappointing results. The application of novel modes of autoantigen administration, careful translation of mechanistic understanding obtained in preclinical studies and in vitro with human cells, and combination therapies including CD3 antibodies may help to make autoantigen-based immunotherapy for T1D a success story in the future.

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Neutrophil elastase triggers the development of autoimmune diabetes by exacerbating innate immune responses in pancreatic islets of non-obese diabetic mice

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20200021 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 134 (13) ◽

pp. 1679-1696 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lingling Shu ◽

Ling Zhong ◽

Yang Xiao ◽

Xiaoping Wu ◽

Yang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Neutrophil Elastase ◽

Autoimmune Diabetes ◽

Nod Mice ◽

Β Cells ◽

Β Cell ◽

Pancreatic Β Cells ◽

Islet Inflammation ◽

The Impact

Abstract Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease resulted from self-destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. However, the pathological pathways that trigger the autoimmune destruction remain poorly understood. Clinical studies have demonstrated close associations of neutrophils and neutrophil elastase (NE) with β-cell autoimmunity in patients with Type 1 diabetes. The present study aims to investigate the impact of NE inhibition on development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. NE pharmacological inhibitor (sivelestat) or biological inhibitor (elafin) was supplemented into NOD mice to evaluate their effects on islet inflammation and diabetogenesis. The impact of NE inhibition on innate and adaptive immune cells was measured with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. A significant but transient increase in neutrophil infiltration accompanied with elevated NE activity was observed in the neonatal period of NOD mice. Treatment of NOD mice with sivelestat or elafin at the early age led to a marked reduction in spontaneous development of insulitis and autoimmune diabetes. Mechanistically, inhibition of NE significantly attenuated infiltration of macrophages and islet inflammation, thus ameliorating cytotoxic T cell-mediated autoimmune attack of pancreatic β cells. In vitro studies showed that NE directly induced inflammatory responses in both min6 β cells and RAW264.7 macrophages, and promoted macrophage migration. These findings support an important role of NE in triggering the onset and progression of β-cell autoimmunity, and suggest that pharmacological inhibition of NE may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of autoimmune diabetes.

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Type 1 Diabetes and Physical Exercise: Moving (forward) as an Adjuvant Therapy

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200108113002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 946-957 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Othmar Moser ◽

Max L. Eckstein ◽

Daniel J. West ◽

Nandu Goswami ◽

Harald Sourij ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Adjuvant Therapy ◽

Physical Exercise ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Macronutrient Intake ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Positive Effects ◽

The Impact

: ype 1 diabetes is characterized by an autoimmune β-cell destruction resulting in endogenous insulin deficiency, potentially leading to micro- and macrovascular complications. Besides an exogenous insulin therapy and continuous glucose monitoring, physical exercise is recommended in adults with type 1 diabetes to improve overall health. The close relationship between physical exercise, inflammation, muscle contraction, and macronutrient intake has never been discussed in detail about type 1 diabetes. The aim of this narrative review was to detail the role of physical exercise in improving clinical outcomes, physiological responses to exercise and different nutrition and therapy strategies around exercise. : Physical exercise has several positive effects on glucose uptake and systemic inflammation in adults with type 1 diabetes. A new approach via personalized therapy adaptations must be applied to target beneficial effects on complications as well as on body weight management. In combination with pre-defined macronutrient intake around exercise, adults with type 1 diabetes can expect similar physiological responses to physical exercise, as seen in their healthy counterparts. : This review highlights interesting findings from recent studies related to exercise and type 1 diabetes. However, there is limited research available accompanied by a proper number of participants in the cohort of type 1 diabetes. Especially for this group of patients, an increased understanding of the impact of physical exercise can improve its effectiveness as an adjuvant therapy to move (forward).

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History, epidemiology, and aetiology

10.1093/med/9780198766452.003.0001 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

David Levy

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Autoimmune Diabetes ◽

Early Type ◽

C Peptide ◽

History Of ◽

Diabetes Genetics ◽

Rising Incidence ◽

The Impact

Outline of the key landmarks in the history of Type 1 diabetes. Epidemiology, focusing on its rising incidence and the increasing prevalence of later-onset autoimmune diabetes. Genetics are briefly covered; the evidence for and against the impact of a variety of environmental factors thought to be important in aetiology are emphasized, especially in relation to prospective randomized clinical trials (RCT) in early Type 1 diabetes, aiming to delay the onset of autoimmunity in high-risk individuals or slow the decline in C-peptide levels shortly after clinical diagnosis. The balance-risk hypothesis, which allows for inclusion of protective and promoting factors, is introduced.

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