scholarly journals Association between Water and Energy Requirements with Physical Activity and Fat-Free Mass in Preschool Children in Japan

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 4169
Author(s):  
Yosuke Yamada ◽  
Hiroyuki Sagayama ◽  
Jun Yasukata ◽  
Akiko Uchizawa ◽  
Aya Itoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Step Count ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Adequate Intake ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Metabolic Equivalents ◽  
Vigorous Intensity

Water and energy are essential for the human body. The doubly labeled water (DLW) method measures water turnover (WT) and total energy expenditure (TEE), which serves as a benchmark for the adequate intake (AI) of water and estimated energy requirements (EER). The objective of the current study was to examine the association of WT and TEE with physical activity and body composition in Japanese preschool children. We included 41 preschool children (22 girls, 19 boys) aged 3–6 in this study. WT, TEE, and fat-free mass (FFM) were obtained using DLW. Physical activity was measured using a triaxial accelerometer and categorized as light (LPA; 1.5–2.9 Metabolic equivalents, METs) and of moderate-to-vigorous intensity (MVPA; ≥3.0 METs). Exercise duration (Ex) was defined as ≥4.0 METs of physical activity. WT and TEE moderately positively correlated with Ex, but not with LPA. WT moderately positively correlated with BW and FFM while TEE strongly. We established predictive equations for WT and TEE using body weight (BW), FFM, step count, and Ex to guide the AI of water and EER in Japanese preschool children. We found that FFM and step count are the determinants of TEE, and that BW and Ex are the determinants of WT in preschool children.

scholarly journals Obesity and Body Composition in Preschool Children with Different Levels of Actigraphy-Derived Physical Activity—A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1210
Author(s):  
Justyna Wyszyńska ◽  
Piotr Matłosz ◽  
Agnieszka Szybisty ◽  
Paweł Lenik ◽  
Katarzyna Dereń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Steps Per Day

Detailed associations between physical activity (PA) and body composition in preschoolers remain unclear. The aim of this study was to assess body composition among preschool children differentiated according to their levels of PA and to assess whether meeting the current PA recommendations is associated with a lower risk of obesity, determined by body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP). Free-living PA was measured using accelerometers for 7 days in children aged 5 to 6 years. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to estimate body composition. Significant differences in content of BFP, fat-free mass (FFM), and total body water (TBW) were found between boys meeting and not meeting moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) recommendations. Meeting the MVPA recommendation was associated with a twofold lower risk of obesity determined by BFP in boys but not in girls. In contrast, the total number of recommended steps per day was not related to adiposity in boys or girls. No statistically significant differences were observed in body composition indices and quintiles of MVPA. Boys in the 3rd–5th quintiles of steps per day presented significantly lower BFP and higher muscle mass and TBW than their peers in quintile 1. However, different associations were observed between body composition indices and quintiles of PA.

scholarly journals Total Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, Physical Activity, and Step Count in Japanese Preschool Children: A Study Based on Doubly Labeled Water

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1223
Author(s):  
Yosuke Yamada ◽  
Hiroyuki Sagayama ◽  
Aya Itoi ◽  
Makoto Nishimura ◽  
Kaori Fujisawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Step Count ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Total Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Daily Step Count ◽  
Measurement Period

Adequate energy intake is essential for the healthy development of children, and the estimated energy requirement of children is determined by total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and energy deposition for growth. A previous study in Japanese tweens indicated that TDEE could be estimated by fat-free mass (FFM) and step count. The aims of this study were to measure TDEE in Japanese preschool children and to confirm whether TDEE can be estimated by FFM and step count in preschool children. Twenty-one children aged 4–6 years old (11 girls and 10 boys; age, 5.1 (0.9) years; height, 107.2 (6.6) cm; weight, 17.5 (1.7) kg; BMI, 15.3 (1.3); mean (SD)) participated in this study. FFM and 7-day TDEE were obtained by doubly labeled water (DLW). Participants wore accelerometers during the DLW measurement period. No significant differences were observed in age-adjusted height, weight, BMI, FFM (13.0 (1.5) kg), or TDEE (1300 (174) kcal/day) between girls and boys. Girls had significantly higher percent fat and a lower daily step count than boys. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that FFM and step count were significant predictors of TDEE; TDEE (kcal/day) = 85.0 × FFM (kg) + 0.0135 × step count (steps/day). This accounted for 74% of TDEE variance. The current study confirmed that FFM and step count are major determinants of TDEE in Japanese preschool children as well as adolescents, although further research is needed to obtain precise equations.

Simultaneous Validation of Count-to-Activity Thresholds for Five Commonly Used Activity Monitors in Adolescent Research: A Step Toward Data Harmonization

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Gráinne Hayes ◽  
Kieran Dowd ◽  
Ciaran MacDonncha ◽  
Alan Donnely
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Motion Sensors ◽  
Characteristic Analysis ◽  
Activity Monitors ◽  
Metabolic Equivalents ◽  
Intensity Physical Activity ◽  
Vigorous Intensity

Background: Multiple activity monitors are utilized for the estimation of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity in youth. Due to differing methodological approaches, results are not comparable when developing thresholds for the determination of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity. This study aimed to develop and validate count-to-activity thresholds for 1.5, 3, and 6 metabolic equivalents of task in five of the most commonly used activity monitors in adolescent research. Methods: Fifty-two participants (mean age = 16.1 [0.78] years) selected and performed activities of daily living while wearing a COSMED K4b2 and five activity monitors; ActiGraph GT1M, ActiGraph wGT3X-BT, activPAL3 micro, activPAL, and GENEActiv. Receiver-operating-characteristic analysis was used to examine the area under the curve and to define count-to-activity thresholds for the vertical axis (all monitors) and the sum of the vector magnitude (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT and activPAL3 micro) for 15 s (all monitors) and 60 s (ActiGraph monitors) epochs. Results: All developed count-to-activity thresholds demonstrated high levels of sensitivity and specificity. When cross-validated in an independent group (N = 20), high levels of sensitivity and specificity generally remained (≥73.1%, intensity and monitor dependent). Conclusions: This study provides researchers with the opportunity to analyze and cross-compare data from different studies that have not employed the same motion sensors.

scholarly journals Normative Data of Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in Community—Dwelling Older Japanese

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3577
Author(s):  
Harukaze Yatsugi ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Si Chen ◽  
Kenji Narazaki ◽  
Sho Nagayoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sedentary Time ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Metabolic Equivalents ◽  
Japanese Adults ◽  
Intensity Physical Activity ◽  
Vigorous Intensity ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
Lower Adherence

Background: The amounts of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), light-intensity physical activity (LPA), and sedentary time (ST) by sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) in older Japanese adults have not been known. We conducted this study to determine the actual physical activity (PA) and ST in this population. Subjects and Methods: A total of 3998 community-dwelling Japanese adults aged ≥65 years were investigated. Their levels of PA and ST and number of steps taken daily were assessed for seven consecutive days by a tri-axial accelerometer. Normative values of daily PA and ST were analyzed by age and BMI groups in the men and the women and are presented as mean, median, or decile. Results: The subjects generally adhered to the PA guideline, i.e., ≥10 metabolic equivalents (METs)·hour MVPA per week. Older age was associated with lower adherence to the PA guideline. Conclusions: Normative values (mean, median, or decile) were yielded for MVPA, LPA, and ST based on accelerometer readings in a large sample of older community-dwelling Japanese adults. One-half of the subjects’ waking time was spent being sedentary, and >70% of the subjects met the current PA guideline by engaging in MVPA.

Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, Sleep, and Gross Motor Skill Proficiency in Preschool Children From a Low- to Middle-Income Urban Setting

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 525-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone A. Tomaz ◽  
Alessandra Prioreschi ◽  
Estelle D. Watson ◽  
Joanne A. McVeigh ◽  
Dale E. Rae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Vigorous Intensity

Background: Limited research reports on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), sleep, and gross motor skills (GMS) in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to (1) describe BMI, PA, SB, sleep duration, and GMS proficiency in South African preschool children and (2) identify relationships between variables. Methods: BMI, including z scores for height, weight, and BMI were determined. Seven-day PA, SB, and sleep were measured using accelerometry. GMS were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development (second edition). Associations were explored by comparing sleep, PA, SB, and GMS between BMI tertiles using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: Most (86%) children (n = 78, 50% boys) had a healthy BMI (15.7 [1.3] kg/m2). Children spent 560.5 (52.9) minutes per day in light- to vigorous-intensity PA and 90.9 (30.0) minutes per day in moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA; most (83%) met the current PA guideline. Nocturnal sleep duration was low (9.28 [0.80] h/d). Although daytime naps increased 24-hour sleep duration (10.17 [0.71] h/d), 38% were classified as short sleepers. Around half (54.9%) of participants complied with both PA and sleep guidelines. No associations between variables were found. Conclusion: Despite being lean, sufficiently active, and having adequate GMS, many children were short sleepers, highlighting a possible area for intervention.

Energy requirements and physical activity in free-living older women and men: a doubly labeled water study

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 1063-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond D. Starling ◽  
Michael J. Toth ◽  
William H. Carpenter ◽  
Dwight E. Matthews ◽  
Eric T. Poehlman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Activity Energy

Determinants of daily energy needs and physical activity are unknown in free-living elderly. This study examined determinants of daily total energy expenditure (TEE) and free-living physical activity in older women ( n = 51; age = 67 ± 6 yr) and men ( n = 48; age = 70 ± 7 yr) by using doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry. Using multiple-regression analyses, we predicted TEE by using anthropometric, physiological, and physical activity indexes. Data were collected on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 peak), leisure time activity, and plasma thyroid hormone. Data adjusted for body composition were not different between older women and men, respectively (in kcal/day): TEE, 2,306 ± 647 vs. 2,456 ± 666; RMR, 1,463 ± 244 vs. 1,378 ± 249; and physical activity energy expenditure, 612 ± 570 vs. 832 ± 581. In a subgroup of 70 women and men, RMR andV˙o 2 peakexplained approximately two-thirds of the variance in TEE ( R 2 = 0.62; standard error of the estimate = ±348 kcal/day). Crossvalidation of this equation in the remaining 29 women and men was successful, with no difference between predicted and measured TEE (2,364 ± 398 and 2,406 ± 571 kcal/day, respectively). The strongest predictors of physical activity energy expenditure ( P < 0.05) for women and men were V˙o 2 peak( r = 0.43), fat-free mass ( r = 0.39), and body mass ( r = 0.34). In summary, RMR andV˙o 2 peak are important independent predictors of energy requirements in the elderly. Furthermore, cardiovascular fitness and fat-free mass are moderate predictors of physical activity in free-living elderly.

Associations of Activity Monitor Output and an Estimate of Aerobic Fitness With Pulse Wave Velocities: The Nakanojo Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Ayabe ◽  
Sungjin Park ◽  
Roy J. Shephard ◽  
Yukitoshi Aoyagi
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Activity Monitor ◽  
Step Count ◽  
Daily Step ◽  
Metabolic Equivalents ◽  
Daily Step Count

Background:We examined the relative contributions of habitual physical activity and aerobic fitness to the prevention of arteriosclerosis.Methods:Elderly individuals (97 men and 109 women, aged > 65 y) each wore a uniaxial activity monitor continuously for 1 year, with activity data summarized as an average daily step count and duration of activity > 3 metabolic equivalents (METs). Aerobic fitness was assessed by a standardized 5-m walking test measure of maximal walking speed. Central arterial stiffness was determined using an automatic waveform analyzer measure of cardio-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV).Results:The cfPWV was negatively associated with daily step count, duration of activity > 3 METs, and maximal walking speed (P < .05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that the step count, duration of activity > 3 METs, and maximal walking speed were all significant predictors of cfPWV, accounting for 11%, 7%, and 4% of total variance, respectively.Conclusions:In contrast to findings from studies using potentially fallible questionnaires, our data suggest that a measure of health (arterial stiffness) is more closely related to objective measures of physical activity than to an estimate of aerobic fitness.

scholarly journals Energy balance in healthy elderly women

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Reilly ◽  
A. Lord ◽  
V. W. Bunker ◽  
A. M. Prentice ◽  
W. A. Coward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Uk

There is a paucity of data on which to base estimates of the energy requirements of the elderly. In general, ageing appears to be associated with a reduction in energy requirement arising from a reduction in physical activity and loss of fat-free mass. The aim of the present study was to measure the total energy expenditure (TEE), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and energy expended on physical activity (calculated as TEE–BMR) in a group of healthy elderly women living in the community in Southampton. Mean rates of TEE (9.21 (SD 1.48) MJd) and energy expended on physical activity (4.12 (SD 1.19) MJ/d) were higher than those observed in some studies of younger adults in the UK, and higher than the factors used to estimate the average energy requirement for the elderly. The results suggest that an age-related reduction in energy requirement is not inevitable and support the hypothesis that the effects of ageing on physical activity, body composition, and hence energy requirements, are variable.

scholarly journals The accuracy of self-reported physical activity questionnaires varies with sex and body mass index

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256008
Author(s):  
Clare Quinlan ◽  
Ben Rattray ◽  
Disa Pryor ◽  
Joseph M. Northey ◽  
Kaarin J. Anstey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Metabolic Equivalents ◽  
Vigorous Intensity ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

Background Factors contributing to the accurate measurement of self-reported physical activity are not well understood in middle-aged adults. We investigated the associations between two self-reported surveys and objectively measured physical activity in middle-aged adults, and the influence of individual and sociodemographic factors on these associations, at different intensities utilizing an observational study design. Methods Participants (n = 156) wore a SenseWear Armband™ (SWA) for a continuous seven-day period over the triceps of the left arm, to measure energy expenditure in metabolic equivalents. Participants also completed the Physical Activity Recall questionnaire (PAR) and Active Australia Survey (AAS). Associations were analyzed separately in general linear models for each intensity. The influence of individual and sociodemographic factors was assessed through moderator analyses. Results The PAR and SWA were significantly positively associated at moderate (β = 0.68, 95% CI 0.16–1.20), vigorous (β = 0.36, 95% CI 0.20–0.53), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (β = 0.52, 95% CI 0.20–0.83), and total METmins (β = 0.63, 95% CI 0.35–0.90), the AAS and SWA were associated at all intensities (moderate (β = 0.41, 95% CI 0.15–0.67), vigorous (β = 0.32, 95% CI 0.19–0.46), MVPA (β = 0.42, 95% CI 0.18–0.65) and total METmins (β = 0.62, 95% CI 0.29–0.96). A significant interaction between the PAR and sex for vigorous-intensity unveiled a weaker association in women. Both surveys tended to under-report physical activity. The largest margins of error were present at light and moderate intensities. For the PAR, participants reported over 20 hours, or 69% less light physical activity than recorded by the SWA per week. For the AAS, participants reported over 7 hours, or 38% less moderate physical activity. Compared to lighter intensities, time spent at a vigorous intensity was overreported by participants with the PAR and AAS by 91 and 43 minutes per week, respectively. The addition of Body Mass Index (BMI) resulted in non-significant interactions between the PAR and SWA for moderate-intensity, and the AAS and SWA for vigorous-intensity; a significant interaction between AAS and BMI indicated that the strength of the association differed by BMI for vigorous-intensity. Conclusions The PAR and AAS are not equivalent to the SWA, and sex and BMI may alter the associations between the measures.

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