scholarly journals Delivery of Insulin via Skin Route for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: Approaches for Breaching the Obstacles

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Abdul Ahad ◽  
Mohammad Raish ◽  
Yousef A. Bin Jardan ◽  
Abdullah M. Al-Mohizea ◽  
Fahad I. Al-Jenoobi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Insulin Delivery ◽  
Chemical Permeation Enhancers ◽  
Drug Plasma ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Intensive Approach ◽  
User Friendly

Insulin is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by hyperglycemia. Subcutaneous injections are the standard mode of delivery for insulin therapy; however, this procedure is very often invasive, which hinders patient compliance, particularly for individuals requiring insulin doses four times a day. Furthermore, cases have been reported of sudden hypoglycemia occurrences following multidose insulin injections. Such an invasive and intensive approach motivates the quest for alternative, more user-friendly insulin administration approaches. For example, transdermal delivery has numerous advantages, such as prolonged drug release, low variability in the drug plasma level, and improved patient compliance. In this paper, the authors summarize different approaches used in transdermal insulin delivery, including microneedles, chemical permeation enhancers, sonophoresis, patches, electroporation, iontophoresis, vesicular formulations, microemulsions, nanoparticles, and microdermabrasion. Transdermal systems for insulin delivery are still being widely researched. The conclusions presented in this paper are extracted from the literature, notably, that the transdermal route could effectively and reliably deliver insulin into the circulatory system. Consistent progress in this area will ensure that some of the aforementioned transdermal insulin delivery systems will be introduced in clinical practice and commercially available in the near future.

scholarly journals Oral insulin delivery for treatment of diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Durga Devi K
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Insulin Delivery ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Oral Insulin ◽  
Polymer Microsphere ◽  
Enzyme Degradation ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a condition known as hyperglycemia which may be controlled through medication and insulin. Current insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus involves frequent dosing of subcutaneous injections, causing local discomfort, patient incompliance, hypoglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia, among others, one of the approaches to overcoming these issues is to administer insulin through oral route. An oral form of insulin has been the elusive goal for many investigators since the protein initial discovery by Banting and Best in 1922. Oral delivery of insulin is one of the promising and anticipated areas in the treatment of diabetes, primarily because it may significantly improve the quality of life of patients who receives insulin regularly. However, there are several challenges in developing an oral route for insulin delivery; include low bioavailability due to rapid enzyme degradation in the stomach, inactivation, and digestion by proteolytic enzymes in the intestinal lumen, poor permeability, and poor stability. Several companies have developed technology platforms that protect polypeptides and proteins from enzymatic hydrolysis, enable their transport across the epithelial lining, and promote their absorption from the GI tract. Most notably, the use of permeation enhancers, protease inhibitors, enteric coatings, and polymer microsphere formulation will be covered, including commentary on which methods hold more promise towards the successful development of oral insulin. This review, considers the current literature on the advances, methods, needs, and challenges in the development of oral insulin.

Treatment of diabetes mellitus: Implications of the use of oral agents

1999 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. s334-s337 ◽  
Author(s):  
S RAO ◽  
A BETHEL ◽  
M FEINGLOS
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Oral Agents ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

Evaluation of serum triglyceride levels as a marker of long-term patient compliance in diabetes mellitus type

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (S 01) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Stylianou ◽  
G Lavranos ◽  
A Hatziyianni ◽  
P Georgiou ◽  
G Olymbios
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Serum Triglyceride ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type

Insulin Initiation and Concomitant OHA (Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents) in Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus—Results of the Indian Human Insulin Registry (INHIRIT)

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 2293-PUB ◽  
Author(s):  
VEERANNA KARADI ◽  
DILIP PAWAR ◽  
SARAH JABEEN ◽  
SANDEEP S. ◽  
SAPTARSHI BOSE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Human Insulin ◽  
Insulin Initiation ◽  
Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents ◽  
Hypoglycaemic Agents ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

Association and treatment of diabetes in patients affected by Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1198-1201
Author(s):  
Syed Yasir Afaque
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Composite Outcomes ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

In December 2019, a unique coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2, was first identified in the province of Wuhan in China. Since then, it spread rapidly all over the world and has been responsible for a large number of morbidity and mortality among humans. According to a latest study, Diabetes mellitus, heart diseases, Hypertension etc. are being considered important risk factors for the development of this infection and is also associated with unfavorable outcomes in these patients. There is little evidence concerning the trail back of these patients possibly because of a small number of participants and people who experienced primary composite outcomes (such as admission in the ICU, usage of machine-driven ventilation or even fatality of these patients). Until now, there are no academic findings that have proven independent prognostic value of diabetes on death in the novel Coronavirus patients. However, there are several conjectures linking Diabetes with the impact as well as progression of COVID-19 in these patients. The aim of this review is to acknowledge about the association amongst Diabetes and the novel Coronavirus and the result of the infection in such patients.

Metabolic surgery, a new paradigm for the treatment of diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-485
Author(s):  
R Balongo García ◽  
D Bejarano Gómez-Serna ◽  
A de la Rosa Báez ◽  
D Molina García ◽  
B García del Pino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Metabolic Surgery ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Calidad De Vida ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Sistemas Sanitarios

Resumen La diabetes mellitus tipo II (DM2) es una enfermedad crónica, progresiva e incurable, que ocasiona una reducción de la esperanza y de la calidad de vida. Se está produciendo un incremento epidémico global de la misma asociada a la obesidad, y a largo plazo se convertirá en la mayor carga sobre los sistemas sanitarios. Aunque existe un tratamiento efectivo para la diabetes, muchos de los pacientes sólo con el tratamiento médico no consiguen los objetivos terapéuticos mínimos para el control del riesgo microvascular. Las técnicas quirúrgicas para la obesidad mórbida han demostrado que pueden controlar la hiperglucemia, y existe consenso para su uso como forma de tratamiento para algunos pacientes desde 2015. Dado que los objetivos, el tipo de respuesta y los criterios de efectividad no están relacionados directamente con el sobrepeso, estamos ante un nuevo paradigma, definido por el término cirugía metabólica.

Berberine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Baska ◽  
Kamil Leis ◽  
Przemysław Gałązka
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Macrophages Polarization ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4

: Berberine is an alkaloid found in plants. It has e.g. neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic activity. The research proves that it also strongly impacts the carbohydrate metabolism. The compound also protects pancreatic βcells and increases sensitivity to insulin in peripheral tissues via the induction of GLUT-1, GLUT-4 and insulin type 1 (Ins1) receptors activity. It also stimulates glycolysis and leads to a decrease in insulin resistance by macrophages polarization, lipolytic processes induction and energy expenditure enhancement (by reducing body mass and limiting insulin resistance caused by obesity). In liver berberine inhibits FOX01, SREBP1 and ChREBP pathways, and HNF-4α (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha) mRNA that hinder gluconeogenesis processes. In intestines it blocks α-glucosidase contributing to glucose absorption decrease. Its interference in intestinal flora reduces levels of monosaccharides and suppresses diabetes mellitus complications development.

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