scholarly journals Transdermal Drug Delivery in the Pig Skin

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2016
Author(s):  
Ignacio Ordiz ◽  
José A. Vega ◽  
Raquel Martín-Sanz ◽  
Olivia García-Suárez ◽  
Miguel E. del Valle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Epidermal Barrier ◽  
Biometric Analysis ◽  
Barrier Disruption ◽  
Dermal Thickness ◽  
Different Characteristics

Transdermal delivery can be accomplished through various mechanisms including formulation optimization, epidermal stratum corneum barrier disruption, or directly by removing the stratum corneum layer. Microneedling, electroporation, a combination of both and also the intradermal injection known as mesotherapy have proved efficacy in epidermal-barrier disruption. Here we analyzed the effects of these methods of epidermal-barrier disruption in the structure of the skin and the absorption of four compounds with different characteristics and properties (ketoprofen, biotin, caffein, and procaine). Swine skin (Pietrain x Durox) was used as a human analogue, both having similar structure and pharmacological release. They were biopsied at different intervals, up to 2 weeks after application. High-pressure liquid chromatography and brightfield microscopy were performed, conducting a biometric analysis and measuring histological structure and vascular status. The performed experiments led to different results in the function of the studied molecules: ketoprofen and biotin had the best concentrations with intradermal injections, while delivery methods for obtaining procaine and caffein maximum concentrations changed on the basis of the lapsed time. The studied techniques did not produce significant histological alterations after their application, except for an observed increase in Langerhans cells and melanocytes after applying electroporation, and an epidermal thinning after using microneedles, with variable results regarding dermal thickness. Although all the studied barrier disruptors can accomplish transdermal delivery, the best disruptor is dependent on the particular molecule.

scholarly journals Size-Tunable Paclitaxel Nanoparticles Stabilized by Anionic Phospholipids for Transdermal Delivery Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1990068
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Uchida ◽  
Masayoshi Yanagi ◽  
Hiroki Hamada
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Skin Tissue ◽  
Composite Nanoparticles ◽  
Rat Skin ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
Anionic Phospholipid ◽  
Anionic Phospholipids ◽  
Subsequent Heating

Composite nanoparticles composed of an anionic phospholipid of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylglycerol (DPPG) and paclitaxel (PTX) were successfully prepared by mixing them in water followed by a subsequent heating/cooling process. The size of DPPG-PTX nanoparticle could be easily tuned by ultrasonic fragmentation. Upon addition of small-sized fluorescently labeled paclitaxel (FLPTX) nanoparticles with DPPG (DPPG-FLPTX) to rat skin tissue, part of the FLPTX molecules permeated to the stratum corneum.

scholarly journals Enhancement strategies for transdermal drug delivery systems: current trends and applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delly Ramadon ◽  
Maeliosa T. C. McCrudden ◽  
Aaron J. Courtenay ◽  
Ryan F. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

AbstractTransdermal drug delivery systems have become an intriguing research topic in pharmaceutical technology area and one of the most frequently developed pharmaceutical products in global market. The use of these systems can overcome associated drawbacks of other delivery routes, such as oral and parenteral. The authors will review current trends, and future applications of transdermal technologies, with specific focus on providing a comprehensive understanding of transdermal drug delivery systems and enhancement strategies. This article will initially discuss each transdermal enhancement method used in the development of first-generation transdermal products. These methods include drug/vehicle interactions, vesicles and particles, stratum corneum modification, energy-driven methods and stratum corneum bypassing techniques. Through suitable design and implementation of active stratum corneum bypassing methods, notably microneedle technology, transdermal delivery systems have been shown to deliver both low and high molecular weight drugs. Microneedle technology platforms have proven themselves to be more versatile than other transdermal systems with opportunities for intradermal delivery of drugs/biotherapeutics and therapeutic drug monitoring. These have shown that microneedles have been a prospective strategy for improving transdermal delivery systems. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Liposome percutaneous penetration in vivo

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 239784731772319 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Lymberopoulos ◽  
C Demopoulou ◽  
M Kyriazi ◽  
MS Katsarou ◽  
N Demertzis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Penetration Enhancers ◽  
Percutaneous Penetration ◽  
Hairless Mice ◽  
Liposomal Form ◽  
Multilamellar Vesicles ◽  
Small Unilamellar Vesicles

Objectives: Liposomes are reported as penetration enhancers for dermal and transdermal delivery. However, little is known about their percutaneous penetration and as to at which level they deliver encapsulated drugs. The penetration of multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) and small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), in comparison to one of their lipid components, was investigated. Methods: Using the fluorescent lipid, Lissamine Rhodamine B-PE (R), as a constituent, MLV and SUV liposomes were prepared, tested, and R, MLV, or SUV were applied in vivo on the back of hairless mice. Absorption of each was evaluated at the levels of stratum corneum, living skin, and blood by fluorometry. Results: Penetration of the lipid R in stratum corneum in the nonliposomal form exceeded that in the liposomal form and only R penetrates the living skin in a statistically significant manner. No statistical significant absorption into blood was observed with either form. Conclusions: Liposomes size did not play an important role in penetration to stratum corneum. The lipid constituent in the nonliposomal form penetrated at higher rates into stratum corneum and living skin. Even though these liposomes entered stratum corneum, they were not significantly absorbed into viable skin or blood.

scholarly journals The Use of Sonophoresis in the Administration of Drugs Throughout the Skin

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Juan Escobar-Chavez ◽  
Dalia Bonilla-Martínez ◽  
Martha Angélica Villegas-González ◽  
Isabel Marlen Rodríguez-Cruz ◽  
Clara Luisa Domínguez-Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Conventional Drug

Abstract Transdermal drug delivery offers an attractive alternative to the conventional drug delivery methods of oral administration and injection. However, the stratum corneum acts as a barrier that limits the penetration of substances through the skin. Application of ultrasound to the skin increases its permeability (sonophoresis) and enables the delivery of various substances into and through the skin. Ultrasound has been used extensively for medical diagnostics and to a certain extent in medical therapy (physiotherapy, ultrasonic surgery, hyperthermia). Nevertheless, it has only recently become popular as a technique to enhance drug release from drug delivery systems. A number of studies suggest the use of ultrasound as an external mean of delivering drugs at increased rates and at desired times. This review presents the main findings in the field of sonophoresis, namely transdermal drug delivery and transdermal monitoring. Particular attention is paid to proposed enhancement mechanisms and trends in the field of topical and transdermal delivery.

scholarly journals Fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida Ameliorates Epidermal Barrier Disruption via Keratinocyte Differentiation and CaSR Level Regulation

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
Yu Chen ◽  
Xuenan Li ◽  
Xiaoshuang Gan ◽  
Junmei Qi ◽  
Biao Che ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Undaria Pinnatifida ◽  
Keratinocyte Differentiation ◽  
Mechanistic Study ◽  
Calcium Sensing Receptor ◽  
Epidermal Barrier ◽  
Barrier Disruption ◽  
Calcium Sensing ◽  
External Agents ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Barrier Repair

The epidermal barrier acts as a line of defense against external agents as well as helps to maintain body homeostasis. The calcium concentration gradient across the epidermal barrier is closely related to the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes (KCs), and the regulation of these two processes is the key to the repair of epidermal barrier disruption. In the present study, we found that fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida (UPF) could promote the repair of epidermal barrier disruption in mice. The mechanistic study demonstrated that UPF could promote HaCaT cell differentiation under low calcium condition by up-regulating the expression of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), which could then lead to the activation of the Catenin/PLCγ1 pathway. Further, UPF could increase the expression of CaSR through activate the ERK and p38 pathway. These findings reveal the molecular mechanism of UPF in the repair of the epidermal barrier and provide a basis for the development of UPF into an agent for the repair of epidermal barrier repair.

scholarly journals Fine Wrinkle Treatment and Hydration on the Facial Dermis Using HydroToxin Mixture of MicroBotox and MicroHyaluronic Acid

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Seo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Injection Method ◽  
Stratum Corneum Hydration ◽  
Crow’S Feet ◽  
The Face ◽  
Injection Depth ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract Background Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a key contributor to skin moisture (hydration), and MicroBotox demonstrates improvements for fine wrinkles of the face. Objectives The author sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intradermal injection of hydrotoxin (combined mixture of MicroHA and MicroBotox) for the treatment of skin roughness and dryness on facial dermis. Methods Fifty women who had thin, dry skin with fine wrinkles throughout the whole face, especially in the crow’s feet and forehead areas, were enrolled in the study. Two cc stabilized-HA filler and 1 cc (40 U) of botulinumtoxinA were mixed in the novel combined hydrotoxin mixture. Intended to hydrate the dermis and treat fine wrinkles of the face, the mixture was injected into the real dermal layer of the face. The volume of HA per site was 0.002 cc and toxin was 0.04 U. Skin roughness and stratum corneum hydration were measured at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. Results One month post-treatment, skin roughness was reduced to 50.19% in topographic computer analysis utilizing 10× dermascope photos. Stratum corneum hydration on crow’s feet improved to 81.34% at 1 month and 56.12% at 2 months from pre-treatment baseline (P < 0.0001). Global Aesthetic improvement scale of Skin hydration and fine wrinkle improved. Conclusions The combination injection method of MicroHA and MicroBotox is not associated with side effects and showed significant synergic effect in improvement of skin roughness and moisturizing. Neuramix-hydrotoxin injection method is an easy and reproducible procedure to make constant injection depth and amount. Level of Evidence: 4

scholarly journals Derma rollers in therapy: the transition from cosmetics to transdermal drug delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonna Dsouza ◽  
Vivek M. Ghate ◽  
Shaila A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Collagen Production ◽  
Site Of Action

AbstractDerma roller, a device rolled onto the skin to form micropores, is extensively used for cosmetic purposes. The pores thus created are utilized to either result in the induction of collagen production, leading to glowing and wrinkle-free skin or for permeating the applied formulations to the site of action within the skin. Recent studies have shown the benefits of using derma rollers for transdermal delivery of drugs. In the nascent stage, this approach paves a way to successfully breach the stratum corneum and aid in the movement of medications directed towards the dermis and the hair follicles. The review essentially summarizes the evidence of the use of derma rollers in cosmetic setup, their designing, and the preclinical and clinical reports of efficacy, safety, and concerns when translated for pharmaceutical purposes and transdermal drug delivery.

scholarly journals Effect of Modulated Alternating and Direct Current Iontophoresis on Transdermal Delivery of Lidocaine Hydrochloride

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Bhatia ◽  
Ajay K. Banga
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Alternating Current ◽  
Lidocaine Hydrochloride ◽  
Tape Stripping ◽  
Porcine Skin ◽  
Skin Receptor ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Iontophoretic Delivery

The objective of this study was to investigate the iontophoretic delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride through porcine skin and to compare the effects of modulated alternating and direct current iontophoresis. Continuous and modulated iontophoresis was applied for one hour and two hours (0-1 h and 4-5th h) using a 1% w/v solution of lidocaine hydrochloride. Tape stripping was done to quantify the amount of drug permeated into stratum corneum and skin extraction studies were performed to determine the amount of drug in stripped skin. Receptor was sampled and analyzed over predefined time periods. The amount of lidocaine delivered across porcine skin after modulated direct current iontophoresis for 2 h was1069.87±120.03 μg/sq·cm compared to744.81±125.41 μg/sq·cm after modulated alternating current iontophoresis for 2 h. Modulated direct current iontophoresis also enhanced lidocaine delivery by twelvefold compared to passive delivery as91.27±18.71 μg/sq·cm of lidocaine was delivered after passive delivery. Modulated iontophoresis enhanced the delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride across porcine skin compared to the passive delivery. Modulated alternating current iontophoresis for duration of 2 h at frequency of 1 kHz was found to be comparable to the continuous direct current iontophoresis for 1 h.

Effects of Angiogenic Growth Factors and a Penetrance Enhancer on Composite Grafts

1998 ◽  
Vol 107 (9) ◽  
pp. 769-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Hom ◽  
Margaret Winters
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Composite Graft ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Angiogenic Growth Factors ◽  
Composite Grafts ◽  
Template Analysis ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Endothelial Cell Growth Factor

Skin-cartilage composite grafts are invaluable tissues used in facial reconstruction, yet their survival is unpredictable beyond a 1-cm diameter. In this study, the angiogenic growth factors basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF) and a penetrance enhancer (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) were applied to composite grafts to determine their effects on survival and vascularization. We applied ECGF, bFGF, and DMSO either topically or by intradermal injection to 120 auricular composite grafts (3.0 cm diameter) in New Zealand White rabbits. Dermabrasion was performed in 2 groups to attempt to increase transdermal delivery. Graft viability and vascularity were evaluated 3 weeks later by template analysis and angiography. In the results, ECGF and bFGF, when grouped together, had a 40% increase in vascular ingrowth as compared to controls (p < .001). However, neither ECGF nor bFGF increased graft survival. A coincidental finding was that DMSO with dermabrasion significantly improved graft viability (>100%) with or without an angiogenic agent (p < .02). The potential of DMSO with dermabrasion to increase composite graft viability warrants further investigation.

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