The Use of Sonophoresis in the Administration of Drugs Throughout the Skin

Abstract Transdermal drug delivery offers an attractive alternative to the conventional drug delivery methods of oral administration and injection. However, the stratum corneum acts as a barrier that limits the penetration of substances through the skin. Application of ultrasound to the skin increases its permeability (sonophoresis) and enables the delivery of various substances into and through the skin. Ultrasound has been used extensively for medical diagnostics and to a certain extent in medical therapy (physiotherapy, ultrasonic surgery, hyperthermia). Nevertheless, it has only recently become popular as a technique to enhance drug release from drug delivery systems. A number of studies suggest the use of ultrasound as an external mean of delivering drugs at increased rates and at desired times. This review presents the main findings in the field of sonophoresis, namely transdermal drug delivery and transdermal monitoring. Particular attention is paid to proposed enhancement mechanisms and trends in the field of topical and transdermal delivery.

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Enhancement strategies for transdermal drug delivery systems: current trends and applications

Drug Delivery and Translational Research ◽

10.1007/s13346-021-00909-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Delly Ramadon ◽

Maeliosa T. C. McCrudden ◽

Aaron J. Courtenay ◽

Ryan F. Donnelly

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Stratum Corneum ◽

Transdermal Delivery ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Global Market ◽

Therapeutic Drug ◽

Current Trends ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

AbstractTransdermal drug delivery systems have become an intriguing research topic in pharmaceutical technology area and one of the most frequently developed pharmaceutical products in global market. The use of these systems can overcome associated drawbacks of other delivery routes, such as oral and parenteral. The authors will review current trends, and future applications of transdermal technologies, with specific focus on providing a comprehensive understanding of transdermal drug delivery systems and enhancement strategies. This article will initially discuss each transdermal enhancement method used in the development of first-generation transdermal products. These methods include drug/vehicle interactions, vesicles and particles, stratum corneum modification, energy-driven methods and stratum corneum bypassing techniques. Through suitable design and implementation of active stratum corneum bypassing methods, notably microneedle technology, transdermal delivery systems have been shown to deliver both low and high molecular weight drugs. Microneedle technology platforms have proven themselves to be more versatile than other transdermal systems with opportunities for intradermal delivery of drugs/biotherapeutics and therapeutic drug monitoring. These have shown that microneedles have been a prospective strategy for improving transdermal delivery systems. Graphical abstract

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Reservoir Based Fentanyl Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Effect of Patch Age on Drug Release and Skin Permeation

Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.1007/s11095-009-9843-0 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 1344-1352 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Suneela Prodduturi ◽

Glen J. Smith ◽

Anna M. Wokovich ◽

William H. Doub ◽

Benjamin J. Westenberger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Skin Permeation ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

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Elastic and Ultradeformable Liposomes for Transdermal Delivery of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22189743 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (18) ◽

pp. 9743

Author(s):

Eliana B. Souto ◽

Ana S. Macedo ◽

João Dias-Ferreira ◽

Amanda Cano ◽

Aleksandra Zielińska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Transdermal Delivery ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

First Generation ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Topical Drug Delivery ◽

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽

Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) through the skin, by means of topical drug delivery systems, is an advanced therapeutic approach. As the skin is the largest organ of the human body, primarily acting as a natural protective barrier against permeation of xenobiotics, specific strategies to overcome this barrier are needed. Liposomes are nanometric-sized delivery systems composed of phospholipids, which are key components of cell membranes, making liposomes well tolerated and devoid of toxicity. As their lipid compositions are similar to those of the skin, liposomes are used as topical, dermal, and transdermal delivery systems. However, permeation of the first generation of liposomes through the skin posed some limitations; thus, a second generation of liposomes has emerged, overcoming permeability problems. Various mechanisms of permeation/penetration of elastic/ultra-deformable liposomes into the skin have been proposed; however, debate continues on their extent/mechanisms of permeation/penetration. In vivo bioavailability of an API administered in the form of ultra-deformable liposomes is similar to the bioavailability achieved when the same API is administered in the form of a solution by subcutaneous or epi-cutaneous injection, which demonstrates their applicability in transdermal drug delivery.

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THE THE MICROEMULSION AS A KEY PLAYER IN CONQUERING THE SKIN BARRIER FOR THE AIM OF TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF DRUGS: REVIEWING A SUCCESSFUL DECADE

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i5.32444 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 34-48

Author(s):

RANIA YEHIA ◽

DALIA A ATTIA

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Transdermal Delivery ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Skin Barrier ◽

The Other ◽

Penetration Enhancers ◽

The Past ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems ◽

The One

Microemulsion (ME) systems are now considered of the most successful transdermal drug delivery systems. This is due to their nanodroplets size in the one hand and to their composition that enables the use of several mechanistically penetration enhancers in the same formulation on the other hand. This work summarizes the types, properties, and the merits of the use of MEs for transdermal delivery and reviews the successful studies that were performed to deliver several drugs through this important route during the past 10–12 years.

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Transdermal Drug delivery: A step towards treatment of cancer

Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery ◽

10.2174/1574892816666211202154000 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Priyanka Kriplani ◽

Kumar Guarve

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Anticancer Drugs ◽

Transdermal Delivery ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Skin Penetration ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

New Developments ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Transdermal Route

Background: Transdermal drug delivery is an emerging and tempting system over oral and hypodermic drug delivery system. With the new developments in skin penetration techniques, anticancer drugs ranging from hydrophilic macromolecules to lipophilic drugs can be administered via transdermal route to treat cancer. Objective: In the present review, various approaches to enhance the transdermal delivery of drugs is discussed including the micro and nanotechnology based transdermal formulations like chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, phototherapy, vaccines and medical devices. Limitations and advantages of various transdermal technologies is also elaborated. Method: In this review, patent applications and recent literature of transdermal drug delivery systems employed to cure mainly cancer are covered. Results: Transdermal drug delivery systems have proved their potential to cure cancer. They increase the bioavailability of drug by site specific drug delivery and can reduce the side effects/toxicity associated with anticancer drugs. Conclusion: The potential of transdermal drug delivery systems to carry the drug may unclutter novel ways for therapeutic intercessions in various tumors.

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A Review of Biodegradable Natural Polymer-Based Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10101970 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1970 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Humaira Idrees ◽

Syed Zohaib Javaid Zaidi ◽

Aneela Sabir ◽

Rafi Ullah Khan ◽

Xunli Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

Targeted Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Natural Polymer ◽

Natural Polymers ◽

Sustained Drug Release ◽

Delivery Methods ◽

Lower Toxicity ◽

Targeted Drug

Biodegradable natural polymers have been investigated extensively as the best choice for encapsulation and delivery of drugs. The research has attracted remarkable attention in the pharmaceutical industry. The shortcomings of conventional dosage systems, along with modified and targeted drug delivery methods, are addressed by using polymers with improved bioavailability, biocompatibility, and lower toxicity. Therefore, nanomedicines are now considered to be an innovative type of medication. This review critically examines the use of natural biodegradable polymers and their drug delivery systems for local or targeted and controlled/sustained drug release against fatal diseases.

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Nanogels for Skin Cancer Therapy via Transdermal Delivery: Current Designs

Current Drug Metabolism ◽

10.2174/1389200220666190618100030 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 575-582 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Phuong H.L. Tran ◽

Wei Duan ◽

Beom-Jin Lee ◽

Thao T.D. Tran

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Skin Cancer ◽

Cancer Therapy ◽

Drug Release ◽

Transdermal Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Recent Literature ◽

Tumor Site ◽

Permeation Studies ◽

Cancer Theranostics

Background: Recently, several strategies have been proposed for skin cancer therapy by transdermal delivery, and particularly the use of nanotechnology. Methods: This process disrupts the stratum corneum to deliver a drug through the skin, allowing it to accumulate at the tumor site. Results: Nanogels are drug delivery systems that can be applied to many diseases. Nanogel engineering has been widely studied for use in drug delivery, particularly in cancer theranostics. This review summarizes specific strategies for using nanogels to treat skin cancer, a topic that is limited in recent literature. Conclusion: Advanced techniques for effective skin cancer therapy based on the nanogel’s penetration and cellular uptake abilities will be discussed. Moreover, techniques for penetrating the skin, as well as drug release, permeation studies, and microscopic observations, will also be discussed.

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An updated review on transdermal drug delivery systems

International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research ◽

10.7439/ijasr.v1i6.2243 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (6) ◽

pp. 244 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Audumbar Digambar Mali ◽

Ritesh Bathe ◽

Manojkumar Patil

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

Transdermal Delivery ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery System ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Novel Drug

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), also known as patches, are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across a patients skin. In order to deliver therapeutic agents through the human skin for systemic effects, the comprehensive morphological, biophysical and physicochemical properties of the skin are to be considered. Transdermal delivery provides a leading edge over injectables and oral routes by increasing patient compliance and avoiding first pass metabolism respectively. Transdermal delivery not only provides controlled, constant administration of the drug, but also allows continuous input of drugs with short biological half-lives and eliminates pulsed entry into systemic circulation, which often causes undesirable side effects. The TDDS review articles provide valuable information regarding the transdermal drug delivery systems and its evaluation process details as a ready reference for the research scientist who is involved in TDDS. With the advancement in technology Pharma industries have trendified all its resources. Earlier we use convectional dosage form but now we use novel drug delivery system. One of greatest innovation of novel drug delivery is transdermal patch. The advantage of transdermal drug delivery system is that it is painless technique of administration of drugs.

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Predicting transdermal fentanyl delivery using mechanistic simulations for tailored therapy

10.1101/2020.06.16.154195 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thijs Defraeye ◽

Flora Bahrami ◽

Lu Ding ◽

Riccardo Innocenti Malini ◽

Alexandre Terrier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

In Silico ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Drug Uptake ◽

Transdermal Fentanyl ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Drug Flux

Transdermal drug delivery is a key technology for administering drugs. However, most devices are “one-size-fits-all”, even though drug diffusion through the skin varies significantly from person-to-person. For next-generation devices, personalization for optimal drug release would benefit from an augmented insight into the drug release and percutaneous uptake kinetics. Our objective was to quantify the changes in transdermal fentanyl uptake with regards to the patient’s age and the anatomical location where the patch was placed. We also explored to which extent the drug flux from the patch could be altered by miniaturizing the contact surface area of the patch reservoir with the skin. To this end, we used validated mechanistic modeling of fentanyl diffusion, storage, and partitioning in the epidermis to quantify drug release from the patch and the uptake within the skin. A superior spatiotemporal resolution compared to experimental methods enabled in-silico identification of peak concentrations and fluxes, and the amount of stored drug and bioavailability. The patients’ drug uptake showed a 36% difference between different anatomical locations after 72 h, but there was a strong interpatient variability. With aging, the drug uptake from the transdermal patch became slower and less potent. A 70-year-old patient received 26% less drug over the 72-h application period, compared to an 18-year-old patient. Additionally, a novel concept of using micron-sized drug reservoirs was explored in silico. These reservoirs induced a much higher local flux (µg cm-2 h-1) than conventional patches. Up to a 200-fold increase in the drug flux was obtained from these small reservoirs. This effect was mainly caused by transverse diffusion in the stratum corneum, which is not relevant for much larger conventional patches. These micron-sized drug reservoirs open new ways to individualize reservoir design and thus transdermal therapy. Such computer-aided engineering tools also have great potential for in-silico design and precise control of drug delivery systems. Here, the validated mechanistic models can serve as a key building block for developing digital twins for transdermal drug delivery systems.

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REVIEW ON TRANSDERMAL MICRONEEDLE-BASED DRUG DELIVERY

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v12i1.27434 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 18

Author(s):

Valsa Remony Manoj ◽

Hima Manoj

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Transdermal Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽

Transport Proteins ◽

Self Management ◽

Administration Route ◽

Transdermal Patches ◽

Conventional Drug ◽

Delivery Approach

Drug delivery research extensively studies methods to transport proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), genes, antibodies, and vaccines efficiently and safely to human bodies in recent years. This review comprehensively covers the developments in microneedle-based drug delivery, their configurations, design, fabrication, and operation. The factors surrounding the mechanical strength of microneedle-based transdermal patches (MNTP’s) have also been reviewed. MNTP’s can eliminate limitations of conventional drug delivery systems. Microneedle-based transdermal delivery approach will offer a self-management, patient-friendly, and efficient administration route for drug delivery.

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