scholarly journals Identification of Susceptibility Genes in Castanea sativa and Their Transcription Dynamics following Pathogen Infection

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 913
Author(s):  
Vera Pavese ◽  
Andrea Moglia ◽  
Paolo Gonthier ◽  
Daniela Torello Marinoni ◽  
Emile Cavalet-Giorsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Functional Domain ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Domain Identification ◽  
S Genes

Castanea sativa is one of the main multipurpose tree species valued for its timber and nuts. This species is susceptible to two major diseases, ink disease and chestnut blight, caused by Phytophthora spp. and Cryphonectria parasitica, respectively. The loss-of-function mutations of genes required for the onset of pathogenesis, referred to as plant susceptibility (S) genes, are one mechanism of plant resistance against pathogens. On the basis of sequence homology, functional domain identification, and phylogenetic analyses, we report for the first time on the identification of S-genes (mlo1, dmr6, dnd1, and pmr4) in the Castanea genus. The expression dynamics of S-genes were assessed in C. sativa and C. crenata plants inoculated with P. cinnamomi and C. parasitica. Our results highlighted the upregulation of pmr4 and dmr6 in response to pathogen infection. Pmr4 was strongly expressed at early infection phases of both pathogens in C. sativa, whereas in C. crenata, no significant upregulation was observed. The infection of P. cinnamomi led to a higher increase in the transcript level of dmr6 in C. sativa compared to C. crenata-infected samples. For a better understanding of plant responses, the transcript levels of defense genes gluB and chi3 were also analyzed.

scholarly journals Assessing the Phytosanitary Risk Posed by an Intraspecific Invasion of Cryphonectria parasitica in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2055-2063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Dennert ◽  
Joana Beatrice Meyer ◽  
Daniel Rigling ◽  
Simone Prospero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
New Host ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures

Intraspecific cryptic invasions may occur when new strains of an invasive species are introduced into an area where this species had already been introduced previously. In plant pathogens, such invasions are not well studied, even if, potentially, they can have severe consequences. Here, we investigated the effects of a potential intraspecific invasion in Europe of Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that (i) non-European strains are more virulent on Castanea sativa than those already present in Europe because they have never encountered this new host, and (ii) the variation in virulence among strains is higher within native than within introduced populations. In a greenhouse, 2-year-old C. sativa seedlings were inoculated with Cryphonectria parasitica strains from South Korea, the United States, and Switzerland, and lesion development and seedling mortality were recorded weekly. Additionally, growth and sporulation of the strains were measured in vitro on agar medium at 15 and 24°C. Although lesion growth was similar for all strains, seedlings inoculated with strains from South Korea and Switzerland died faster than seedlings inoculated with strains from the United States. Moreover, in vitro strains from South Korea grew faster and produced more spores at both temperatures than the strains from the other two countries. In conclusion, our results did not support the two hypotheses. All strains, regardless of their origin, were found to be highly virulent on the inoculated chestnut seedlings. Nevertheless, current phytosanitary measures to avoid the introduction of new genotypes of C. parasitica into Europe should be further implemented.

scholarly journals Diversity of microfungi on branches of Castanea sativa in Slovakia

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 741-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Adamčíková ◽  
Gabriela Juhásová ◽  
Marek Kobza ◽  
Emília Ondrušková
Keyword(s):  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Microscopic Fungi ◽  
Chestnut Tree ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill

Abstract Localities in Castanea sativa Mill. plantations were visited in a study aimed at identifying the mycoflora of C. sativa in Slovakia [excluding Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.), Barr for which much data is available]. Samples from chestnut tree branches and stems were examined visually and microscopically. Seven species of microfungi were recorded, three with their anamorphs. Coryneum modonium (Sacc.) Griffon & Maubl. and Phomopsis castaneae Woron. were the most common. Libertella quercina Tul. & C. Tul. was identified in both states (anamorph and teleomorph) at two new localities. The records of Gloniopsis praelonga (Schwein.) Underw. & Earle and Dothidotthia celtidis (Ellis & Everh.) M. E. Barr are the first for Slovakia. These species were rare, found only in one locality. Two microscopic fungi were detected: Valsa ambiens (Pers.) Fr. [Cytospora ambiens (Nitschke) Sacc.] and Diplodina castaneae Prill. & Delacr.

scholarly journals Identification and functional characterization of two bamboo FD gene homologs having contrasting effects on shoot growth and flowering

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Smritikana Dutta ◽  
Anwesha Deb ◽  
Prasun Biswas ◽  
Sukanya Chakraborty ◽  
Suman Guha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Ecology ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Sequence Comparisons

AbstractBamboos, member of the family Poaceae, represent many interesting features with respect to their fast and extended vegetative growth, unusual, yet divergent flowering time across species, and impact of sudden, large scale flowering on forest ecology. However, not many studies have been conducted at the molecular level to characterize important genes that regulate vegetative and flowering habit in bamboo. In this study, two bamboo FD genes, BtFD1 and BtFD2, which are members of the florigen activation complex (FAC) have been identified by sequence and phylogenetic analyses. Sequence comparisons identified one important amino acid, which was located in the DNA-binding basic region and was altered between BtFD1 and BtFD2 (Ala146 of BtFD1 vs. Leu100 of BtFD2). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that this alteration had resulted into ten times higher binding efficiency of BtFD1 than BtFD2 to its target ACGT motif present at the promoter of the APETALA1 gene. Expression analyses in different tissues and seasons indicated the involvement of BtFD1 in flower and vegetative development, while BtFD2 was very lowly expressed throughout all the tissues and conditions studied. Finally, a tenfold increase of the AtAP1 transcript level by p35S::BtFD1 Arabidopsis plants compared to wild type confirms a positively regulatory role of BtFD1 towards flowering. However, constitutive expression of BtFD1 had led to dwarfisms and apparent reduction in the length of flowering stalk and numbers of flowers/plant, whereas no visible phenotype was observed for BtFD2 overexpression. This signifies that timely expression of BtFD1 may be critical to perform its programmed developmental role in planta.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Analyses of HBV Pre-S/S Genes in Mother-Child Pairs with Long-Term Infection by Presumed Vertical Transmission

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyoung Su Kim ◽  
Bo Youn Choi ◽  
Hyeok Soo Choi ◽  
Woon Geon Shin ◽  
Kyung Ho Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
S Genes

scholarly journals The role of production site isolation in the plant health situation of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa)

2017 ◽  
pp. 79-82
Author(s):  
Gabriella Kovács ◽  
László Radócz
Keyword(s):  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Western Slope ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
European Chestnut ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Blight Disease ◽  
Health Situation

The most destructive pathogen for the European chestnut is the blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr. The spread of the fungus was very fast in Europe within a few decades in the second half of the past century. During the tree-health checking in the chestnut andwalnut plantation in Romania, Hargita county, next to Homoródkarácsonyfalva village, we especially concentraded on the signs of blight disease occurrence. The grove is laying on a western slope, under a pine forest. This favourable geographical space protects it not only from pathogen attacts, but it has a special, mild microclimate for nut and chestnut trees. The European chestnut could be a valuable member of local forests, opening a new perspective under conditions of climate changes.

scholarly journals The Morphology and the Biological Control of Cryphonectria parasitica

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Emilia PUIA ◽  
Daniela Andreea GRIGORESCU ◽  
Raluca Vasilica MICLEA
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Hypovirulent Strain ◽  
Endothia Parasitica

Cryphonectria parasitica  (Murr.) Bar [syn. Endothia parasitica (Murr. And.] (anamorf: Endothiella sp .) is the causal agent of chestnut bark disease or chestnut blight, disease which produced great damages throughout the world, for example, in Europe, the European chestnut tree ( Castanea sativa (P.) Mill) was heavily affected. Environmental concerns have focused attention on natural forms of disease control as an effective alternative to chemical pesticides. In the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica deals with a natural form of biological control in which the virulence of a fungal pathogen is attenuated by an endogenous viral RNA genetic element- the hypovirulent strain. In our researches we picked samples of chestnut bark from different areas in Maramures county. We’ve isolated the fungus on PDA medium and we’ve studied the morphological characteristics of the usual virulent strain and we looked for a possible hypovirulent strain in order to study its capacity for biological control. The fungus develops in the bark and in cambium where forms a yellowish or brownish stroma and produces both conidia and ascospores. The pycnidia stromata break through the lenticels producing conidia and later in the same stroma develop the perithecia which produce ascospores. Both strains of the fungus were found in the research area. The hypovirulent strain had a slower development, showed no sporu lation and pigmentation “white cultural strain” and was tested in vitro for the capacity to convert the virulent isolates by dual culture tests.

scholarly journals NITROGEN LIMITATION ADAPTATION functions as a negative regulator of Arabidopsis immunity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Val Torregrosa ◽  
Mireia Bundo ◽  
Tzyy Jen Chiou ◽  
Victor Flors ◽  
Blanca San Segundo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Nitrogen Limitation ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Fungal Elicitors ◽  
Resistance To Infection

Background: Phosphorus is an important macronutrient required for plant growth and development. It is absorbed through the roots in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi). To cope with Pi limitation, plants have evolved an array of adaptive mechanisms to facilitate Pi acquisition and protect them from stress caused by Pi starvation. The NITROGEN LIMITATION ADAPTION (NLA) gene plays a key role in the regulation of phosphate starvation responses (PSR), its expression being regulated by the microRNA miR827. Stress caused by Pi limiting conditions might also affect the plant response to pathogen infection. However, cross-talk between phosphate signaling pathways and immune responses remains unclear. Results: In this study, we investigated whether NLA plays a role in Arabidopsis immunity. We show that loss-of-function of NLA and MIR827 overexpression causes an increase in phosphate (Pi) content which results in resistance to infection by the fungal pathogen Plectosphaerella cucumerina. The nla mutant plants accumulated callose in their leaves, a response that is also observed in wild-type plants that have been treated with high Pi. We also show that pathogen infection and treatment with fungal elicitors is accompanied by transcriptional activation of MIR827 and down-regulation of NLA. Upon pathogen challenge, nla plants exhibited higher levels of the phytoalexin camalexin compared to wild type plants. Camalexin level also increases in wild type plants treated with high Pi. Furthermore, the nla mutant plants accumulated salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in the absence of pathogen infection whose levels further increased upon pathogen. Conclusions: This study shows that NLA acts as a negative regulator of Arabidopsis immunity. Overaccumulation of Pi in nla plants positively affects resistance to infection by fungal pathogens. This piece of information reinforces the idea of signaling convergence between Pi and immune responses for the regulation of disease resistance in Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Έρευνα των παθογόνων ειδών του γένους Cryphonectria (=Endothia) στην Ευρωπαϊκή καστανιά (Castanea sativa)

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Χαρίκλεια Περλέρου
Keyword(s):  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Cryphonectria Hypovirus

Η ασθένεια του έλκους της καστανιάς που προκαλεί ο μύκητας Cryphonectria parasitica αποτελεί μια από τις σοβαρότερες ασθένειες που έπληξαν δασικό δένδρο του Β. Ημισφαιρίου κατά τον 20ο αιώνα. Αν και ο μύκητας πρωτοεντοπίσθηκε στην Ελλάδα το 1963 λίγο έχει μελετηθεί μέχρι σήμερα. Σχετικά πρόσφατη έρευνα στην Ευρώπη και ΗΠΑ έδειξε την ύπαρξη στη φύση ενός ιού dsRNA ο οποίος όταν προσβάλλει τις πορτοκαλόχρωμες, παθογόνες απομονώσεις του μύκητα τις μετατρέπει σε λευκές, υποπαθογόνες. Ο ιός αυτός εντάχθηκε στο γένος hypovirus, οικ. Hypoviridae και ονομάστηκε Cryphonectria hypovirus (CHV). Η μεταφορά του κυτταροπλασμικού αυτού ιού είναι εφικτή με αναστόμωση των μυκηλιακών υφών μόνον εάν οι δύο μορφές απομονώσεων ανήκουν στον ίδιο τύπο βλαστικής συμβατότητας. Η ιδιαίτερη αυτή περίπτωση μείωσης της παθογόνου ικανότητας ενός μύκητα αξιοποιήθηκε με την εφαρμογή μεθόδου βιολογικής αντιμετώπισης της ασθένειας που συνίσταται στην εισαγωγή στελεχών με CHV ιό και μειωμένη παθογόνου ικανότητα σε περιοχές όπου αυτά δεν υπάρχουν. Απαραίτητη προϋπόθεση όμως για την εφαρμογή της μεθόδου είναι η λεπτομερής γνώση και γεωγραφική διασπορά των τύπων βλαστικής συμβατότητας σε μια ευρύτερη περιοχή. Έτσι σκοπός της παρούσας έρευνας ήταν ο έλεγχος για την ύπαρξη νέων κηλίδων της ασθένειας πέραν αυτών που έχουν ήδη εντοπισθεί, ο προσδιορισμός, η γεωγραφική διασπορά και η μελέτη των τύπων βλαστικής συμβατότητας του μύκητα C. parasitica στην Ελλάδα, η διερεύνηση της ύπαρξης υποπαθογόνων στελεχών και τέλος η μελέτη της παθογόνου ικανότητας απομονώσεων του μύκητα από διάφορες περιοχές της χώρας. Κατά την έρευνα αυτή διαπιστώθηκε ότι εκτός από τις 4 περιοχές για τις οποίες υπήρχαν αναφορές ύπαρξης της ασθένειας, ήτοι όρος Πήλιο Ν. Μαγνησίας, Άνω Κεράσοβο Ν. Αιτωλοακαρνανίας, Δυτ. Τζουμέρκα Ν. Άρτας και Άγιον Όρος, η ασθένεια έχει εξαπλωθεί στις περισσότερες από τις περιοχές όπου απαντάται η καστανιά στην Ελλάδα. Από 611 απομονώσεις του μύκητα που πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε 12 Νομούς της χώρας, λευκές απομονώσεις με μειωμένη παθογόνο ικανότητα βρέθηκαν μόνο στους Νομούς Μαγνησίας, Ιωαννίνων, Αιτωλοακαρνανίας, Φθιώτιδας και Χαλκιδικής σε συνολικό ποσοστό 11,6% των απομονώσεων. Έλεγχος των ίδιων αυτών απομονώσεων έδειξε ότι στην Ελλάδα υπάρχουν τέσσερις τύποι βλαστικής συμβατότητας, ήτοι οι EU-1, EU-2, EU-10 και EU-12. Ο τύπος EU-12 βρέθηκε και στους 12 Νομούς σε συνολικό ποσοστό 88,4% των απομονώσεων ενώ ο τύπος EU-2 σε 4 Νομούς σε ποσοστό 6,4%. Οι άλλοι δύο τύποι EU-1 και EU-10 βρέθηκαν σε χαμηλότερα ποσοστά (2,1% και 3,1% αντίστοιχα) σε ένα Νομό έκαστος. Η παθογόνος ικανότητα 11 ελληνικών απομονώσεων και μιας ιταλικής προσδιορίσθηκαν από το μέγεθος των ελκών που προκάλεσαν σε πρεμνοβλαστήματα καστανιάς ηλικίας 9 ετών μετά από τεχνητή μόλυνση υπό φυσικές συνθήκες. Οι παρατηρήσεις και μετρήσεις επεκτάθηκαν σε δύο αυξητικές περιόδους (17 μήνες). Έξι πορτοκαλόχρωμες απομονώσεις συμπεριφέρθηκαν ως παθογόνες προκαλώντας εκτεταμένα έλκη που αναπτύχθηκαν και στις δύο αυξητικές περιόδους. Από τις υπόλοιπες έξι λευκές απομονώσεις με τον dsRNA ιό, οι τέσσερις προκάλεσαν μικρά έλκη κατά τους πρώτους δύο μήνες μετά την τεχνητή μόλυνση τα οποία στη συνέχεια επουλώθηκαν, παρέμειναν δε ανενεργά κατά τη δεύτερη αυξητική περίοδο. Οι άλλες δύο απομονώσεις συμπεριφέρθηκαν ως παθογόνες κατά την πρώτη αυξητική περίοδο αλλά ως υποπαθογόνες κατά τη δεύτερη καθόσον τα έλκη παρέμεινα εντελώς ανενεργά ενώ άρχισε να σχηματίζεται και επουλωτικός ιστός. Λόγω του εξαιρετικά μικρού αριθμού των τύπων βλαστικής συμβατότητας και της περιορισμένης γεωγραφικά εμφάνισης των υποπαθογόνων στελεχών του μύκητα, η εφαρμογή βιολογικής καταπολέμησης, είναι δυνατή. Η χώρα όμως θα πρέπει ταυτόχρονα να θωρακισθεί κατά της εισαγωγής και άλλων τόπων βλαστικής συμβατότητας με την αυστηρή εφαρμογή των προτάσεων φυτοελέγχου του ΕΡΡΟ.

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