scholarly journals Spanish Spelt Wheat: From an Endangered Genetic Resource to a Trendy Crop

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2748
Author(s):  
Juan B. Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Aegilops Tauschii ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Center Of Origin ◽  
Spelt Wheat ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hybridization Event ◽  
Secondary Center ◽  
Fertile Crescent ◽  
Geographical Group ◽  
Natural Foods

Spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. spelta Thell.) is an ancient wheat that was widely cultivated in the past. This species derived from a cross between emmer wheat (T. turgidum spp. dicoccum Schrank em. Thell.) and Aegilops tauschii Coss. Its main origin was in the Fertile Crescent (Near East), with a secondary center of origin in Europe due to a second hybridization event between emmer and hexaploid wheat. This species has been neglected in most of Europe; however, the desire for more natural foods has driven a revival in interest. Iberian spelt is classified as a geographical group differing to the rest of European spelt. In this review, the particularities, genetic diversity and current situation of Spanish spelt, mainly for quality traits, are discussed.

CHEMICAL AND CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS DURING TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH PHENYLKETONURIA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 929-940
Author(s):  
Helen K. Berry ◽  
Betty S. Sutherland ◽  
George M. Guest ◽  
Barbara Umbarger
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Poor Nutritional Status ◽  
Nutritional Disturbances ◽  
Natural Foods ◽  
Casein Hydrolysates ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Biochemical Abnormalities

Three children with phenylketonuria between the ages of 2½ and 4½ years have been treated with three different diets low in content of phenylalanine during the past 18 months. In Diets I and III restriction of phenylalanine was accomplished by use of casein hydrolysates from which phenylalanine had been removed and other amino acids added. In Diet II intake of phenylalanine was limited by restriction of total intake of protein in the diet. Diets II and III were commercial preparations. All diets were fed in semisolid form combined with natural foods. After an initial period of hospitalization for regulation of intake of phenylalanine, treatment was carried out at home. Except during the early months of treatment intake of phenylalanine was not severely restricted. Nutritional disturbances were encountered as a result of apparent amino acid deficiencies in Diet I. Inadequate caloric intake and low intake of protein also contributed to poor nutritional status at one stage in the treatment. Biochemical abnormalities characteristic of phenylketonuria were improved when phenylalanine was restricted in the diets of the three children. All three showed improvement in motor ability, increased awareness, lengthened attention span, decreased tenseness and irritability. No change in mental status on objective testing was demonstrated. The improvement in behavior motor control, and ease of handling was such that the parents were unwilling for the children to receive diets with normal content of phenylalanine. This reaction of the parents should be taken into consideration whenever administration of a diet low in content of phenylalanine is considered.

scholarly journals Comparative Mapping of Genes for Brittle Rachis in Triticum

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Watanabe ◽  
N. Takesada ◽  
Y. Fujii ◽  
P. Martinek
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Aegilops Tauschii ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Introgression Line ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Brittle Rachis ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Group 3

The brittle rachis phenotype is of adaptive value in wild grass species because it causes spontaneous spike shattering. The genes on the homoeologous group 3 chromosomes determine the brittle rachis in Triticeae. A few genotypes with brittle rachis have also been found in the cultivated Triticum. Using microsatellite markers, the homoeologous genes for brittle rachis were mapped in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. conv. durum /Desf./) and Aegilops tauschii Coss. On chromosome 3AS, the gene for brittle rachis, Br<sub>2</sub>, was linked with the centromeric marker, Xgwm32, at the distance of 13.3 cM. Br<sub>3 </sub>was located on chromosome 3BS and linked with the centromeric marker,<br />Xgwm72 (14.2 cM). Br<sub>1 </sub>was located on chromosome 3DS. The distance from the centromeric marker Xgdm72 was 23.6 cM. The loci Br<sub>1</sub>, Br<sub>2</sub> and Br<sub>3</sub> determine disarticulation of rachides above the junction of the rachilla with the rachis so that a fragment of rachis is attached below each spikelet. The rachides of Ae. tauschii are brittle at every joint, so that the mature spike disarticulates into barrel type. The brittle rachis was determined by a dominant gene, Br<sup>t</sup>, which was linked to the centromeric marker, Xgdm72 (19.7 cM), on chromosome 3DS. A D-genome introgression line, R-61, was derived from the cross Bet Hashita/Ae. tauschii, whose rachis disarticulated as a wedge type. The gene for brittle rachis of R-61, tentatively designated as Br<sup>61</sup>, was distally located on chromosome 3DS, and was linked with the centromeric marker, Xgdm72 (27.5 cM). We discussed how the brittle rachis of R-61 originated genetically. &nbsp; &nbsp;

Influence of planting date and environment on Oklahoma wheat grain yield trend from 1963 to 1995

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Epplin ◽  
T. F. Peeper
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The Past ◽  
Key Words Wheat

The five-year moving average (5YRMA) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield per harvested hectare has declined by more than 18% over the past decade in Oklahoma. By contrast, world wheat yields have increased steadily over the same period. The Oklahoma wheat yield trend during the past decade is inconsistent with expectations. The objective of the research was to determine why the 5YRMA wheat grain yield per harvested hectare did not increase in Oklahoma during the past decade. Five types of potential explanatory variables were investigated: structural change (including government programs), fertilizer use, proportion grazed, planting date and environment. Regression analysis was used to determine that the consequences of improvements in technology, research and education programs, as measured by a linear trend variable, were positive. However, during the past decade, these advancements were overwhelmed by changes in planting date and environmental factors. Key words: Wheat, yield, trend, planting date, environment

scholarly journals Understanding meiosis and the implications for crop improvement

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A. Able ◽  
Wayne Crismani ◽  
Scott A. Boden
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Plant Kingdom ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cereal Breeding ◽  
Beneficial Traits

Over the past 50 years, the understanding of meiosis has aged like a fine bottle of wine: the complexity is developing but the wine itself is still young. While emphasis in the plant kingdom has been placed on the model diploids Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.) and rice (Orzya sativa L.), our research has mainly focussed on the polyploid, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Bread wheat is an important food source for nearly two-thirds of the world’s population. While creating new varieties can be achieved using existing or advanced breeding lines, we would also like to introduce beneficial traits from wild related species. However, expanding the use of non-adapted and wild germplasm in cereal breeding programs will depend on the ability to manipulate the cellular process of meiosis. Three important and tightly-regulated events that occur during early meiosis are chromosome pairing, synapsis and recombination. Which key genes control these events in meiosis (and how they do so) remains to be completely answered, particularly in crops such as wheat. Although the majority of published findings are from model organisms including yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, information from the plant kingdom has continued to grow in the past decade at a steady rate. It is with this new knowledge that we ask how meiosis will contribute to the future of cereal breeding. Indeed, how has it already shaped cereal breeding as we know it today?

scholarly journals Global Hierarchical Gene Diversity Analysis Suggests the Fertile Crescent Is Not the Center of Origin of the Barley Scald Pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 941-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal L. Zaffarano ◽  
Bruce A. McDonald ◽  
Marcello Zala ◽  
Celeste C. Linde
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Hordeum Spontaneum ◽  
Rhynchosporium Secalis ◽  
Center Of Origin ◽  
Total Genetic Variation ◽  
Fertile Crescent

A total of 1,366 Rhynchosporium secalis isolates causing scald on barley, rye, and wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) were assayed for restriction fragment length polymorphism loci, DNA fingerprints, and mating type, to characterize global genetic structure. The isolates originated from 31 field populations on five continents. Hierarchical analysis revealed that more than 70% of the total genetic variation within regions was distributed within a barley field. At the global level, only 58% of the total genetic variation was distributed within fields, while 11% was distributed among fields within regions, and 31% was distributed among regions. A significant correlation was found between genetic and geographic distance. These findings suggest that gene flow is common at the local level while it is low between regions on the same continent, and rare between continents. Analyses of multilocus associations, genotype diversity, and mating type frequencies indicate that sexual recombination is occurring in most of the populations. We found the highest allele richness in Scandinavia followed by Switzerland. This suggests that R. secalis may not have originated at the center of origin of barley, the Fertile Crescent, nor in a secondary center of diversity of barley, Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Distribution and characterization of Aegilops cylindrica host from Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-195
Author(s):  
Behnam Bakhshi ◽  
Mohammad Jaffar Aghaei ◽  
Eissa Zarifi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Bihamta ◽  
Ehsan Mohseni Fard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Chromosome Length ◽  
Distribution Centers ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
North West ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Fertile Crescent ◽  
Karyotypic Variation

Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host; 2n = 4x = 28, CcCcDcDc) is a tetraploid remote relative of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L; 2n=6x=42, AABBDD) with two genomes and 28 chromosomes. The diversity center of this species is in the Fertile Crescent and in central Asia and could also be found in many places in Iran. In this experiment, 359 accessions provided by National Plant Gene Bank of Iran (NPGBI) were used. Based on the geographical distribution, the highest distribution of A. cylindrica is found in North, West and North-West regions of Iran. The data on the distribution of A. cylindrica showed that its distribution centers in Iran are more than those reported in the previous studies. Chromosome counting showed that all A. cylindrica accessions are tetraploid (2n=4x=28). Results of factor analysis for nine morphological chromosome traits showed that karyotypic variation within accessions are related to the length of chromosomes and there is difference between the accessions for their total chromosome length, but the karyotype of different accessions are almost the same for the symmetry. Low coefficient of variation in morphological traits as well as symmetric karyotypes of A. cylindrica species observed in this study could lead us to predict that A. cylindrica could be a recently evolved species among the remote relatives of bread wheat.

The efficacy of Cot-based gene enrichment in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Genome ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1120-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Lamoureux ◽  
Daniel G Peterson ◽  
Wanlong Li ◽  
John P Fellers ◽  
Bikram S Gill
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Aegilops Tauschii ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Genomic Libraries ◽  
Gene Space ◽  
Fold Enrichment ◽  
Gene Enrichment ◽  
Fold Reduction

We report the results of a study on the effectiveness of Cot filtration (CF) in the characterization of the gene space of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a large genome species (1C = 16 700 Mb) of tremendous agronomic importance. Using published Cot data as a guide, 2 genomic libraries for hexaploid wheat were constructed from the single-stranded DNA collected at Cot values > 1188 and 1639 M·s. Compared with sequences from a whole genome shotgun library from Aegilops tauschii (the D genome donor of bread wheat), the CF libraries exhibited 13.7-fold enrichment in genes, 5.8-fold enrichment in unknown low-copy sequences, and a 3-fold reduction in repetitive DNA. CF is twice as efficient as methylation filtration at enriching wheat genes. This research suggests that, with improvements, CF will be a highly useful tool in sequencing the gene space of wheat.Key words: gene enrichment, renaturation kinetics, gene-rich regions, bread wheat.

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