scholarly journals What Makes Adventitious Roots?

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonin ◽  
Bergougnoux ◽  
Nguyen ◽  
Gantet ◽  
Champion
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Root Types ◽  
Embryonic Root

The spermatophyte root system is composed of a primary root that develops from an embryonically formed root meristem, and of different post-embryonic root types: lateral and adventitious roots. Adventitious roots, arising from the stem of the plants, are the main component of the mature root system of many plants. Their development can also be induced in response to adverse environmental conditions or stresses. Here, in this review, we report on the morphological and functional diversity of adventitious roots and their origin. The hormonal and molecular regulation of the constitutive and inducible adventitious root initiation and development is discussed. Recent data confirmed the crucial role of the auxin/cytokinin balance in adventitious rooting. Nevertheless, other hormones must be considered. At the genetic level, adventitious root formation integrates the transduction of external signals, as well as a core auxin-regulated developmental pathway that is shared with lateral root formation. The knowledge acquired from adventitious root development opens new perspectives to improve micropropagation by cutting in recalcitrant species, root system architecture of crops such as cereals, and to understand how plants adapted during evolution to the terrestrial environment by producing different post-embryonic root types.

scholarly journals The Involvement of Ethylene in Calcium-Induced Adventitious Root Formation in Cucumber under Salt Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Yu ◽  
Lijuan Niu ◽  
Jihua Yu ◽  
Weibiao Liao ◽  
Jianming Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Endogenous Ethylene

Calcium and ethylene are essential in plant growth and development. In this study, we investigated the effects of calcium and ethylene on adventitious root formation in cucumber explants under salt stress. The results revealed that 10 μM calcium chloride (CaCl2) or 0.1 μM ethrel (ethylene donor) treatment have a maximum biological effect on promoting the adventitious rooting in cucumber under salt stress. Meanwhile, we investigated that removal of ethylene suppressed calcium ion (Ca2+)-induced the formation of adventitious root under salt stress indicated that ethylene participates in this process. Moreover, the application of Ca2+ promoted the activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) and ACC Oxidase (ACO), as well as the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) and ethylene under salt stress. Furthermore, we discovered that Ca2+ greatly up-regulated the expression level of CsACS3, CsACO1 and CsACO2 under salt stress. Meanwhile, Ca2+ significantly down-regulated CsETR1, CsETR2, CsERS, and CsCTR1, but positively up-regulated the expression of CsEIN2 and CsEIN3 under salt stress; however, the application of Ca2+ chelators or channel inhibitors could obviously reverse the effects of Ca2+ on the expression of the above genes. These results indicated that Ca2+ played a vital role in promoting the adventitious root development in cucumber under salt stress through regulating endogenous ethylene synthesis and activating the ethylene signal transduction pathway.

Effect of polar auxin transport and gibberellins on xylem formation in pine cuttings under adventitious rooting conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Pizarro ◽  
Carmen Díaz-Sala
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Polar Auxin Transport ◽  
Root Induction ◽  
Xylem Differentiation ◽  
Xylem Formation ◽  
Hypocotyl Cuttings

Maturation-related decline of adventitious root formation is one of the major factors affecting adventitious rooting in forest tree species. We demonstrate that inhibition of polar auxin transport promoted cambium and xylem differentiation in rooting-competent hypocotyl cuttings from Pinus radiata under conditions of adventitious root formation. Treatments with bioactive gibberellins inhibited rooting while at the same time inducing both the differentiation of a continuous ring of cambium and xylem formation. Treatments with inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis did not affect the rooting response. The results demonstrate that xylem parenchyma and procambial cells at the xylem poles of rooting-competent hypocotyl cuttings after excision and under conditions of adventitious root induction become adventitious root meristems or xylem, depending on the directional auxin flow. Gibberellin may interact with this pathway, inducing xylem differentiation and inhibiting rooting. We conclude that modifications of auxin flow at the rooting sites, and the priming of cambial cells to differentiate into xylem during tree ageing, may be associated with the maturation-related decline of adventitious root formation.

scholarly journals Highly Successful Adventitious Root Formation of Zamia L. Stem Cuttings Exhibits Minimal Response to Indole-3-Butyric Acid

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1463-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin E. Deloso ◽  
Anders J. Lindström ◽  
Frank A. Camacho ◽  
Thomas E. Marler
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Adventitious Root Development

The influences of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations of 0–30 mg·g−1 on the success and speed of adventitious root development of Zamia furfuracea L.f. and Zamia integrifolia L.f. stem cuttings were determined. Root formation success for both species was greater than 95%. The IBA concentrations did not influence the speed of root development for Z. furfuracea, but the Z. integrifolia cuttings that received IBA concentration of 3 mg·g−1 generated adventitious roots more slowly than the cuttings in the control group. The ending dry weights of the stems, leaves, and roots were not influenced by IBA concentration for either species. Our results indicated that adventitious root formation on stem cuttings of these two Zamia species is successful without horticultural application of IBA. Additional IBA studies are needed on the other 300+ cycad species, especially those that are in a threatened category.

scholarly journals Nitric oxide is involved in the brassinolide-induced adventitious root development in cucumber

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yutong ◽  
Yue Wu ◽  
Weibiao Liao ◽  
Linli Hu ◽  
Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Relative Expression Level ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract Background: Brassinolide (BR), as a new type of plant hormones, is involved in the processes of plant growth and stress response. Previous studies have reported the roles of BR in regulating plant developmental processes and also response tolerance to abiotic stresses in plants. The main purpose of our study was to explore whether nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the process of BR-induced adventitious root formation in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). Results: Exogenous application of 1 μM BR significantly promoted adventitious rooting, while high concentrations of BR (2-8 μM) effectively inhibited adventitious rooting. NO donor (S-nitroso-N-acerylpenicillamine, SNAP) promoted the occurrence of adventitious roots. Simultaneously, BR and SNAP applied together significantly promoted adventitious rooting and the combined effect was superior to the application of BR or SNAP alone. Moreover, NO scavenger (c-PTIO) and inhibitors (L-NAME and Tungstate) inhibited the positive effects of BR on adventitious rooting. BR at 1 μM also increased endogenous NO content, NO synthase (NOS-like) and Nitrate reductase (NR) activities, while BRz (a specific BR biosynthesis inhibitor) decreased these effects. In addition, the relative expression level of NR was up-regulated by BR and SNAP, whereas BRz down-regulated it. The application of NO inhibitor (Tungstate) in BR also inhibited the up-regulation of NR . Conclusion: BR promoted the formation of adventitious roots by inducing the production of endogenous NO in cucumber.

scholarly journals Nitric oxide is involved in the brassinolide-induced adventitious root development in cucumber

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yutong ◽  
Yue Wu ◽  
Weibiao Liao ◽  
Linli Hu ◽  
Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Relative Expression Level ◽  
New Type ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract Background: Brassinolide (BR), as a new type of plant hormones, is involved in the processes of plant growth and stress response. Previous studies have reported the roles of BR in regulating plant developmental processes and also response tolerance to abiotic stresses in plants. The main purpose of our study was to explore whether nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the process of BR-induced adventitious root formation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Results: Exogenous application of 1 μM BR significantly promoted adventitious rooting, while high concentrations of BR (2-8 μM) effectively inhibited adventitious rooting. NO donor (S-nitroso-N-acerylpenicillamine, SNAP) promoted the occurrence of adventitious roots. Simultaneously, BR and SNAP applied together significantly promoted adventitious rooting and the combined effect was superior to the application of BR or SNAP alone. Moreover, NO scavenger (c-PTIO) and inhibitors (L-NAME and Tungstate) inhibited the positive effects of BR on adventitious rooting. BR at 1 μM also increased endogenous NO content, NO synthase (NOS-like) and Nitrate reductase (NR) activities, while BRz (a specific BR biosynthesis inhibitor) decreased these effects. In addition, the relative expression level of NR was up-regulated by BR and SNAP, whereas BRz down-regulated it. The application of NO inhibitor (Tungstate) in BR also inhibited the up-regulation of NR. Conclusion: BR promoted the formation of adventitious roots by inducing the production of endogenous NO in cucumber.

Polyamines and adventitious root formation in Vitis vinifera L.

OENO One ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Laurence Geny ◽  
R. Dalmasso ◽  
Michel Broquedis
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Free Polyamines ◽  
Conjugated Polyamines ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean

<p style="text-align: justify;">The effects of polyamines were examined for growth and polyamine contents in cultings, callus and primary adventitious roots of <em>Vitis vinifera</em> L. Variations in free, conjugated and wall-bound polyamines in cuttings were observed during rhizogenesis. The main polyamines in cuttings were conjugated polyamines while in callus and primary adventitious roots they were free polyamines. Exogenous polyamine addition did not modify the total number of roots per cutting but increased the mean size and number of long roots. Moreover, exogenous polyamines increased polyamine levels in callus and roots, particurlarly wall-bound and conjugated polyamines. The involvement of these classes of polyamines in morphogenic processes is discussed.</p>

scholarly journals Anatomy of Adventitious Root Formation in Stem Cuttings of Mussaenda erythrophylla L. `Rosea'

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 634b-634
Author(s):  
Rolston St. Hilaire ◽  
Carlos A. Fierro Berwart
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Primordia ◽  
Fast Green ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Ornamental Shrubs ◽  
Vascular Connections

Mussaendas (Mussaenda spp.) are ornamental shrubs, and some cultivars are difficult to root. This study was conducted to explore how adventitious roots initiate and develop in the cultivar Rosea, and to determine if anatomical events are associated with difficulty in rooting stem cuttings. Stem cuttings were treated with 5, 10, 15 mm 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), or distilled water, and sampled every 2 days over 26 days to observe adventitious root formation and development. For analysis by light microscopy, the basal 1 cm of cuttings was embedded in wax and stained with safranin-fast green. Adventitious roots initiated from phloem parenchyma cells and from basal callus in nontreated cuttings. Cuttings treated with 15 mm IBA had a mean of 18 root primordia per basal 1 cm of cutting after 10 days. Root primordia were not observed in non-treated cuttings at 10 days. Root primordia that developed in non-treated cuttings lacked clear vascular connections. These results suggest that non-treated cuttings are difficult to root because few primordia are produced.

scholarly journals Some Urea Derivatives Positively Affect Adventitious Root Formation: Old Concepts and the State of the Art

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricci Ada ◽  
Rolli Enrico
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Urea Derivatives ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Structure Activity

The success of vegetative propagation programmes strongly depends on adventitious rooting, a postembryonic developmental process whereby new roots can be induced from differentiated cells in positions where normally they do not arise. This auxin-dependent organogenesis has been studied at molecular, cellular, and developmental levels, and our knowledge of the process has improved in recent years. However, bioactive compounds that enhance adventitious root formation and possibly reduce undesirable auxinic side effects are still needed to ameliorate this process. From this point of view, our structure–activity relationship studies concerning urea derivatives revealed that some of them, more specifically, the N,N′-bis-(2,3-methylenedioxyphenyl)urea (2,3-MDPU), the N,N′-bis-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)urea (3,4-MDPU), the 1,3-di(benzo[d]oxazol-5-yl)urea (5-BDPU), and the 1,3-di(benzo[d]oxazol-6-yl)urea (6-BDPU), constitute a category of adventitious rooting adjuvants. The results of our studies are presented here, in order either to highlight the positive effects of the supplementation of these urea derivatives, or to better understand the nature of their interaction with auxin.

scholarly journals Changes in Cutting Composition during Early Stages of Adventitious Rooting of Miniature Rose Altered by Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 624-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.F. Scagel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Amf Inoculation

Many changes in metabolism are known to occur during adventitious root formation, including changes in amino acids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on adventitious rooting of rose was tested by inoculating four cultivars with Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith. Changes in cutting composition were measured during the initial stages of adventitious root formation. Although there were cultivar-specific differences in response, AMF inoculation generally increased the biomass and number of adventitious roots on cuttings before root colonization was detected. Application of rooting hormone increased this effect. Inoculation with AMF washings also increased the root biomass and number, but only when cuttings were treated with hormone. Changes in cutting composition in response to AMF were detected at 7 to 14 days. Differences in protein concentrations in response to AMF or hormone application were similar, while differences in amino acid and reducing sugar concentrations were not. Concentrations of proteins and amino acids in cuttings at the beginning of the experiment were positively correlated with adventitious rooting, while concentrations of reducing sugars and nonreducing sugars were not correlated with rooting. These results suggests that nitrogen-containing compounds play an important role in adventitious rooting, and that changes in amino acids associated with AMF inoculation were potentially different than those that occurred when cuttings were treated with rooting hormone alone. Carbohydrate concentrations in cuttings were not strongly related to initiation of adventitious roots, but reducing sugar may play a role in regulating part of the response of cuttings to AMF. The response of rose cuttings prior to colonization by G. intraradices suggests that AMF-plant signaling events occurred prior to rooting.

scholarly journals Differential Protein Analysis of Pecan Hardwood Cuttings

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1551-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Cao ◽  
Xinwang Wang ◽  
Zhuangzhuang Liu ◽  
Yongrong Li ◽  
Fangren Peng
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Stress Proteins ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽  
Differential Protein ◽  
Related Proteins

Pecan cuttings are difficult for rooting. This study describes the pecan hardwood rooting process based on anatomic characteristics to understand root formation mechanisms of pecan cuttings. The expressed proteins of different periods during the adventitious rooting process of pecan seedling hardwood cuttings were identified and analyzed to evaluate the rooting mechanism. The expressed proteins of pecan cutting seedlings were also compared with other cultivar cuttings during the rooting period. Pecan seedling cuttings were developed at different air and substrate temperatures to induce root formation. Adventitious root formation of pecan hardwood cuttings was described, and the phloem at the base of the prepared cuttings was selected as the sample for the differential protein analysis. The results showed that adventitious root formation of pecan hardwood cuttings was the only product of callus differentiation, which originated from the cells of the cambium or vascular ray parenchyma. Such adventitious root primordia were developed from those calluses that formed the regenerative structure, and the expressed proteins during the adventitious rooting of pecan hardwood cutting were identified and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight–mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) to evaluate the rooting mechanism. Eight differentially expressed proteins were found in the rooting periods, and 15 differential proteins were found by comparing pecan cutting types, which were analyzed by peptide mass fingerprinting homology. The results show that the primordial cells were differentiated from the meristematic cells. Furthermore, the differentially expressed proteins contained energy metabolism proteins, adversity stress proteins, and signal transmission proteins. The energy metabolism-related proteins were adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, photosynthesis-related proteins, and enolase. The adversity-stress proteins containing heat shock-related proteins and signal transmission proteins were mainly cytochrome enzymes and heme-binding proteins. Adventitious root formation of pecan cultivar hardwood cuttings was difficult. More trials should be performed from the potential aspects of high defensive protection and phloem morphologic structure.

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