Physiological Approach to the Use of the Natural Compound Quinate in the Control of Sensitive and Resistant Papaver rhoeas

Quinate (1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate) is a compound synthesized in plants through a side-branch of the shikimate biosynthesis pathway, which is accumulated after glyphosate and acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides (ALS-inhibitors) and has phytotoxic potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxicity of quinate on several weed species. Among the species evaluated, Cynodon dactylon, Bromus diandrus, Lolium rigidum, Sinapis alba, and Papaver rhoeas, P. rhoeas was the most sensitive, and its growth was controlled with quinate concentrations above 100 mM at the phenological stage of 6–8 true leaves. A physiological study, including the shikimate pathway and the physiological markers of ALS-inhibitors (carbohydrates and amino acids), was performed in the sensitive and resistant plants treated with sulfonylureas or quinate. The typical physiological effects of ALS-inhibitors were detected in the sensitive population (free amino acid and carbohydrate accumulation) and not detected in the resistant population. The mode of action of quinate appeared to be related to general perturbations in their carbon/nitrogen metabolism rather than to specific changes in the shikimate pathway. These results suggest the possibility of using quinate in the weed control management of P. rhoeas.

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Biotypes of scentless chamomile Matricaria maritima (L.) ssp. inodora (L.) Dostal and common poppy Papaver rhoeas (L.) resistant to tribenuron methyl, in Poland

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.2478/jppr-2014-0060 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 401-406

Author(s):

Kazimierz Adamczewski ◽

Roman Kierzek ◽

Kinga Matysiak

Keyword(s):

Rapid Development ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Weed Species ◽

Winter Cereal ◽

Papaver Rhoeas ◽

Crop Fields ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Winter Wheat Crop ◽

Tribenuron Methyl

Abstract Scentless chamomile Matricaria maritima (L.) ssp. inodora (L.) Dostal and common poppy Papaver rhoeas (L.) are species which very often infest winter cereal and winter rape crops. Inhibitors of acetolactate synthase (ALS) are commonly used for control of these weeds. The herbicides are characterised by a single site of action in the plant, which has an influence on selection of the weed population and may result in a rapid development of resistance. In 2012, five seed samples of scentless chamomile and five samples of common poppy were collected from five winter wheat crop fields in Żuławy Gdańskie where the weed species were very poorly controlled. Results of greenhouse experiments showed that two biotypes of scentless chamomile and common poppy were resistant to tribenuron methyl. It was not possible to control resistant biotypes even after use of tribenuron methyl at a dose four times higher than recommended in Poland, it is the first reported case of scentless chamomile and common poppy biotypes’ resistance to herbicides. It is not of economic importance but it does prove the growing problem of weed resistance in the country.

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Multiple mutations in the EPSPS and ALS genes of Amaranthus hybridus underlie resistance to glyphosate and ALS inhibitors

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-74430-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria J. García ◽

Candelario Palma-Bautista ◽

José G. Vazquez-Garcia ◽

Antonia M. Rojano-Delgado ◽

María D. Osuna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Target Genes ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Activity Level ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Weed Species ◽

Amaranthus Hybridus ◽

Als Inhibitors ◽

Moderate Resistance

Abstract Amaranthus hybridus is one of the main weed species in Córdoba, Argentina. Until recently, this weed was effectively controlled with recurrent use of glyphosate. However, a population exhibiting multiple resistance (MR2) to glyphosate and imazamox appeared in a glyphosate resistant (GR) soybean field, with levels of resistance up to 93 and 38-fold higher to glyphosate and imazamox, respectively compared to the susceptible (S) population. In addition to imidazolinones, MR2 plants showed high resistance levels to sulfonylamino-carbonyl (thio) benzoates and moderate resistance to sulfonylureas and triazolopyrimidines. Multiple amino acid substitutions were found in both target genes, acetolactate synthase (ALS) and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), responsible for conferring high herbicides resistance levels in this A. hybridus population. In the case of EPSPS, the triple amino acid substitution TAP-IVS was found. In addition, MR2 plants also showed increased EPSPS gene expression compared to susceptible plants. A Ser653Asn substitution was found in the ALS sequence of MR2, explaining the pattern of cross-resistance to the ALS-inhibitor herbicide families found at the ALS enzyme activity level. No other mutations were found in other conserved domains of the ALS gene. This is the first report worldwide of the target site resistance mechanisms to glyphosate and ALS inhibitors in multiple herbicide resistance Amaranthus hybridus.

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Molecular Basis of Resistance to ALS-Inhibitor Herbicides in Greater Beggarticks

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-09-056.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (5) ◽

pp. 474-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Fabiane P. Lamego ◽

Dirk Charlson ◽

Carla A. Delatorre ◽

Nilda R. Burgos ◽

Ribas A. Vidal

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Molecular Basis ◽

Single Point ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Amino Acid Sequences ◽

Single Point Mutation ◽

Weed Species ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Als Inhibitors ◽

Als Inhibitor

Soybean is a major crop cultivated in Brazil, and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides are widely used to control weeds in this crop. The continuous use of these ALS-inhibiting herbicides has led to the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide. Greater beggarticks is a polyploid species and one of the most troublesome weeds in soybean production since the discovery of ALS-resistant biotypes in 1996. To confirm and characterize the resistance of greater beggarticks to ALS inhibitors, whole-plant bioassays and enzyme experiments were conducted. To investigate the molecular basis of resistance in greater beggarticks theALSgene was sequenced and compared between susceptible and resistant biotypes. Our results confirmed that greater beggarticks is resistant to ALS inhibitors and also indicated it possesses at least three isoforms of theALSgene. Analysis of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences among the isoforms and between the biotypes indicated that a single point mutation, G–T, in oneALSisoform from the resistant biotype resulted in an amino acid substitution, Trp574Leu. Two additional substitutions were observed, Phe116Leu and Phe149Ser, in a second isoform of the resistant biotype, which were not yet reported in any other herbicide-resistantALSgene; thus, their role in conferring herbicide resistance is not yet ascertained. This is the first report ofALSmutations in an important, herbicide-resistant weed species from Brazil.

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Transfer and Expression of ALS Inhibitor Resistance from Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to anA. spinosus×A. palmeriHybrid

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-15-00172.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 240-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

William T. Molin ◽

Vijay K. Nandula ◽

Alice A. Wright ◽

Jason A. Bond

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Enzyme Assays ◽

Amaranthus Palmeri ◽

Weed Species ◽

Als Inhibitors ◽

Inhibitor Resistance ◽

Als Inhibitor ◽

Interspecific Transfer

Transfer of herbicide resistance among closely related weed species is a topic of growing concern. A spiny amaranth × Palmer amaranth hybrid was confirmed resistant to several acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors including imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, pyrithiobac, and trifloxysulfuron. Enzyme assays indicated that the ALS enzyme was insensitive to pyrithiobac and sequencing revealed the presence of a known resistance conferring point mutation, Trp574Leu. Alignment of the ALS gene for Palmer amaranth, spiny amaranth, and putative hybrids revealed the presence of Palmer amaranth ALS sequence in the hybrids rather than spiny amaranth ALS sequences. In addition, sequence upstream of the ALS in the hybrids matched Palmer amaranth and not spiny amaranth. The potential for transfer of ALS inhibitor resistance by hybridization has been demonstrated in the greenhouse and in field experiments. This is the first report of gene transfer for ALS inhibitor resistance documented to occur in the field without artificial/human intervention. These results highlight the need to control related species in both field and surrounding noncrop areas to avoid interspecific transfer of resistance genes.

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Resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors and quinclorac in a biotype of false cleavers (Galium spurium)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500090780 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 390-396 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Linda M. Hall ◽

Kim M. Stromme ◽

Geoff P. Horsman ◽

Malcolm D. Devine

Keyword(s):

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Field Analysis ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Weed Species ◽

Mechanism Of Resistance ◽

Als Inhibitors ◽

High Level ◽

Galium Spurium ◽

Moderately Resistant

A false cleavers population that survived treatment with triasulfuron/bromoxynil in 1996 was identified in central Alberta, Canada, in a field that had been treated with acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors in 3 of the previous 6 yr. In greenhouse studies, this biotype was highly resistant to the ALS inhibitors triasulfuron, thifensulfuron/tribenuron, and sulfometuron and moderately resistant to imazethapyr; GR50, values were > 16, > 5, > 1.0, and 9.9, respectively. In addition, cross-resistance was identified to the auxin-type herbicide quinclorac (GR50 value > 6.7) but not to fluroxypyr (GR50 value 1) or MCPA/mecoprop/dicamba. Quinclorac had not been used previously in this field. Analysis of ALS extracted from the resistant biotype and a susceptible biotype from a nearby location indicated that resistance to ALS inhibitors was due to an altered target site with reduced sensitivity to a broad range of ALS inhibitors. The ALS I50 values for triasulfuron, metsulfuron, chlorsulfuron, thifensulfuron, and imazethapyr were 36, 34, 92, 96, and 14 times higher, respectively, for the resistant compared to the susceptible biotype. The mechanism of resistance to quinclorac is unknown. This is the first report of high-level herbicide resistance in this weed species.

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Resistance in Canadian biotypes of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) to acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-05-003r1.1 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (5) ◽

pp. 631-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Suzanne I. Warwick ◽

Connie Sauder ◽

Hugh J. Beckie

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Single Gene ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Western Canada ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Weed Species ◽

Susceptible Population ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Als Inhibitors ◽

Als Inhibitor

Multiple cases of ALS inhibitor-resistant weed biotypes are reported for many species, including wild mustard. The physiological extent and molecular basis of resistance to ALS inhibitors was compared in four biotypes of wild mustard from western Canada: a sulfonylurea (SU)-resistant (R) biotype from Manitoba detected in 1992; an SU (ethametsulfuron)-R biotype from Alberta detected in 1993 (metabolism-based resistance); an SU-R biotype from Manitoba detected in 2002; and a SU- and imidazolinone (IMI)-R biotype from Saskatchewan detected in 2002. Herbicide dose-response experiments confirmed that the two Manitoba biotypes were resistant to the SU herbicides ethametsulfuron and tribenuron : thifensulfuron mixture, whereas the Saskatchewan biotype was resistant to both SU herbicides and to imazethapyr, an IMI herbicide. Sequence analysis of theALSgene detected target site mutations in three of the four R biotypes, with amino acid substitutions Pro197(CCT) to Ser (TCT) [Domain A of the gene] in the two SU-R Manitoba biotypes and Trp574(TGG) to Leu (TTG) [Domain B] in the Saskatchewan biotype. The Alberta SU-R biotype had the sameALSnucleotide and amino acid sequence as the susceptible population at these two positions. Two heterozygous individuals [Trp574(Tt/gG)] were detected in the Saskatchewan biotype, and genetic segregation for nucleotide bases and resistance phenotype was consistent with single gene control. Nucleotide variation in neutral regions of theALSgene varied with biotype, with no variation in the two Manitoba biotypes, two variants in the Saskatchewan biotype, and 16 neutral nucleotide polymorphisms (0.9%) in the Alberta biotype. The occurrence of at least three different ALS inhibitor-R biotypes in this important weed species is likely to impact negatively on the use of ALS inhibitors, such as the IMIs, and serves as a warning for strict implementation of herbicide rotations to prevent or delay the evolution and spread of such populations.

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A Trp574Leu Target-Site Mutation Confers Imazamox Resistance in Multiple Herbicide-Resistant Wild Poinsettia Populations from Brazil

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10081057 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1057 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rafael R. Mendes ◽

Hudson K. Takano ◽

Rubem S. Oliveira ◽

Fernando S. Adegas ◽

Todd A. Gaines ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Weed Species ◽

Site Mutation ◽

Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Als Inhibitors ◽

Biomass Reduction

Wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) is an important weed species in southern Brazil, especially due to the evolution of multiple herbicide resistance (e.g., acetolactate synthase (ALS)- inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors, and glyphosate). The mechanism of resistance to imazamox was investigated in two wild poinsettia populations (R1 and R2) from southern Brazil and compared to a known susceptible (S) population. Imazamox dose-response experiments revealed high levels of resistance: 45-fold and 224.5-fold based on dry biomass reduction, for R1 and R2, respectively. Extremely high concentrations of imazamox (20,000 µM) were not sufficient to provide 50% inhibition of ALS enzyme activity (I50) for R1 or R2. Hence, resistance levels were estimated to be greater than 123-fold for both populations based on in vitro ALS assays. The ALS gene from all R1 and R2 plants had a Trp574Leu mutation. A genotyping assay was developed to discriminate resistant and susceptible alleles based on the Trp574Leu mutation.

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Evaluation of the susceptibility of various grass species to Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4291 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 58 ◽

pp. 261-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S.F Chng ◽

M.G. Cromey ◽

R.C. Butler

Keyword(s):

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽

Grass Species ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Soilborne Pathogen ◽

Weed Species ◽

Paspalum Dilatatum ◽

Bromus Diandrus ◽

Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽

Laboratory Assay

Takeall caused by the soilborne pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt) is a devastating root disease of wheat As well as infected host residues from previous wheat crops grass crop or weed species also play an important role in the carryover of inoculum to the next wheat crop However the survival and spread of inoculum on different grasses differs considerably depending on their susceptibility to the pathogen Using Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Avena sativa (oat) as susceptible and resistant standards the susceptibility to Ggt of 24 grass species commonly found within wheat crops in New Zealand was examined in a simple laboratory assay Of all the grass species evaluated 83 were susceptible to Ggt with Bromus diandrus Bromus willdenowii Bromus inermis and Pennisetum clandestinum being highly susceptible while Cynosurus cristatus Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum dilatatum were highly resistant to the pathogen

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Target Site–Based and Non–Target Site Based Resistance to ALS Inhibitors in Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/wsc.2017.43 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 681-689 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Sridevi Nakka ◽

Curtis R. Thompson ◽

Dallas E. Peterson ◽

Mithila Jugulam

Keyword(s):

Cropping Systems ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

The United States ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Target Site ◽

Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽

Response Analysis ◽

Common Mutation ◽

Weed Species ◽

Als Inhibitors

Resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor herbicides due to continuous and repeated selection is widespread in many troublesome weed species, including Palmer amaranth, throughout the United States. The objective of this research was to investigate the physiological and molecular basis of resistance to ALS inhibitors in a chlorsulfuron-resistant Palmer amaranth population (KSR). Our results indicate that the KSR population exhibits a high level of resistance to chlorsulfuron compared with two known susceptible populations, MSS and KSS from Mississippi and Kansas, respectively. MSS is highly susceptible to chlorsulfuron, whereas KSS is moderately sensitive. Dose–response analysis revealed that KSR was more than 275-fold more resistant compared with KSS. Nucleotide sequence analysis of theALSgene from the plants that survived chlorsulfuron treatment revealed the possibility of evolution of both target site–based and non–target site based resistance to ALS inhibitors in the KSR population. The most common mutation (Pro-197-Ser) in theALSgene associated with resistance to the sulfonylureas in many weed species was found only in 30% of the KSR population. A preliminary malathion study showed that the remaining 70% of resistant plants might have cytochrome P450–mediated non–target site resistance. This is the first report elucidating the mechanism of resistance to ALS inhibitors in Palmer amaranth from Kansas. Presence of both target site– and non–target site based mechanisms of resistance limits the herbicide options to manage Palmer amaranth in cropping systems.

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The Evidence for Reduced Glyphosate Efficacy on Acetolactate Synthase–Inhibiting Herbicide-Resistant Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-15-00182.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 389-398

Author(s):

Parsa Tehranchian ◽

Jason K. Norsworthy ◽

Matheus Palhano ◽

Nicholas E. Korres ◽

Scott McElroy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Production Systems ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Epsps Gene ◽

Treated Leaf ◽

Als Inhibitors

A yellow nutsedge biotype (Res) from an Arkansas rice field has evolved resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. TheResbiotype previously exhibited cross-resistance to ALS inhibitors from four chemical families (imidazolinone, pyrimidinyl benzoate, sulfonylurea, and triazolopyrimidine). Experiments were conducted to evaluate alternative herbicides (i.e., glyphosate, bentazon, propanil, quinclorac, and 2,4-D) currently labeled in Arkansas rice–soybean production systems. Based on the percentage of aboveground dry weight reduction, control of the yellow nutsedge biotypes with the labeled rate of bentazon, propanil, quinclorac, and 2,4-D was < 44%. Glyphosate (867 g ae ha−1) resulted in 68 and > 94% control of theResand susceptible yellow nutsedge biotypes, respectively, at 28 d after treatment. Dose-response studies were conducted to estimate the efficacy of glyphosate on theResbiotype, three susceptible yellow nutsedge biotypes, and purple nutsedge. Based on the dry weights, theResbiotype was ≥ 5- and ≥ 1.3-fold less responsive to glyphosate compared to the susceptible biotypes and purple nutsedge, respectively. Differences in absorption and translocation of radiolabeled glyphosate were observed among the yellow nutsedge biotypes and purple nutsedge. The susceptible biotype had less14C-glyphosate radioactivity in the tissues above the treated leaf and greater radioactivity in tissues below the treated leaf compared to theResbiotype and purple nutsedge. Reduced translocation of glyphosate in tissues below the treated leaf of theResbiotype could be a reason for the lower glyphosate efficacy in theResbiotype. No amino acid substitution that would correspond to glyphosate resistance was found in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene of theResbiotype. However, an amino acid (serine) addition was detected in the EPSPS gene of theResbiotype; albeit, it is not believed that this addition contributes to lower efficacy of glyphosate in this biotype.

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