scholarly journals Hydroxyl-Terminated Saponified Natural Rubber Based on the H2O2/P25-TiO2 Powder/UVC-Irradiation System

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1319
Author(s):  
Supinya Nijpanich ◽  
Adun Nimpaiboon ◽  
Porntip Rojruthai ◽  
Jitladda Sakdapipanich
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Chain Scission ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Photochemical Degradation ◽  
Tio2 Powder ◽  
Reactive Functional Group ◽  
Hydrocarbon Polymer

Natural rubber (NR), a long-chain hydrocarbon polymer mostly consisting of cis-1,4-polyisoprene units, has a high molecular weight (MW) and viscosity, enabling it to show excellent physical properties. However, NR has no reactive functional group, making it difficult to react with other molecules, especially in manufacturing processes. The functionalized low-molecular-weight NR (FLNR) is a requirement to disperse ingredients into the rubber adequately. Here, the FLNR was prepared by a photochemical degradation process under UVC-irradiation in the presence of H2O2 using P25-titanium oxide (TiO2) powder as a photocatalyst. The optimum condition for the preparation of FLNR was the use of 2.0 g of TiO2 powder per 100 g of rubber and H2O2 at 20% w/w under UVC-irradiation for 5 h. The hydroxyl groups were found on the NR chains due to the chain-scission of polyisoprene chains and hydroxyl radicals in the system. The weight average MW of NR decreased from 12.6 × 105 to 0.6 × 105 gmol−1, while the number average MW decreased from 3.3 × 105 to 0.1 × 105 gmol−1.

Composition of low molecular weight impurities in dimethylmethylpheylsiloxane rubbers with terminal hydroxyl groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
A. M. Filippov ◽  
N. Yu. Semenkova ◽  
S. M. Gorelov ◽  
T. I. Shulyatieva ◽  
P. A. Storozhenko
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups

The Chemistry of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Vulcanization of EPDM: Part I. Evidence for Methylene Crosslinks

1995 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin van Duin ◽  
Aniko Souphanthong
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Polymer System ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Cure Reaction ◽  
Weight Model

Abstract The application of phenol-formaldehyde resins as crosslinking agents is increasing in importance due to the good high temperature properties of the corresponding vulcanizate and the use in thermoplastic vulcanizates. With respect to the chemistry of phenol-formaldehyde cure (reaction mechanism and structure of crosslink) there are still problems that have to be resolved. The reaction products of the phenol-formaldehyde resin curing of EPDM, contain 2-ethylidene norbornene (ENB) as the third monomer, have been studied. Since such an investigation is rather difficult to perform for the polymer system, a low molecular weight model for EPDM was used: 2-ethylidene norbornane (ENBH). Reaction of ENBH and a resole results in scission of the dimethylene ether bridges, i.e. in degradation of the resole into mono-, bis- and terisooctylphenol units. These are consequently converted into products, consisting of two ENBH molecules linked by mono-, bis- and terisooctylphenol units. The solid resole seems to be a technological solution for storing phenol in combination with formaldehyde. These results support the use of 2-hydroxymethylphenol (HMP) as a low molecular weight model for the resole. At low temperatures and/or short reaction times HMP oligomers (= resoles) and HMP oligomers linked to one ENBH molecule are formed, which are converted into ENBH/HMP (1:1) condensation products. The reaction products of ENBH with both the resole and HMP are shown to contain methylene linked structures, as demonstrated by the formation of monisooctylphenol crosslinks and the presence of residual unsaturation and hydroxyl groups, besides chroman linked structures. This is the first experimental evidence that during phenol-formaldehyde resin cure of rubber, formation of methylene bridges occurs.

Ozonolytic Degradation of Interpolymers of Natural Rubber with Methyl Methacrylate and Styrene

1958 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-85
Author(s):  
D. Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Tert Butyl Hydroperoxide

Abstract The preparation of graft and block interpolymers of natural rubber and synthetic polymers has made it desirable that the number and size of polymer chains attached to rubber be readily determinate. The degradation of unsaturated polymers with tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of osmium tet oxide has been used for the determination of free polystyrene in SBR and carbon black in several elastomers, and has recently been applied to the present problem. The accurate determination of the rubber content of interpolymers by quantitative ozonolysis essentially according to the method of Boer and Kooyman suggested that this might be made the basis of isolation of the attached polymer, the rubber being degraded into fragments of low molecular weight, from which the polymer could be separated by conventional techniques. The method should be applicable to any interpolymer, or mixture, of a polyunsaturated and a saturated polymer and is illustrated with reference to interpolymers of natural rubber (NR)-polymethyl methacrylate (PMM) and NR-polystyrene (PS).

Acid-labile poly(amino alcohol ortho ester) based on low molecular weight polyethyleneimine for gene delivery

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Shengxiang Fu ◽  
Guoqing Yan
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Amino Alcohol ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Transfection Efficiency ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Ortho Ester ◽  
Human Neuroblastoma ◽  
Acid Labile

A series of acid-labile poly(amino alcohol ortho ester) (POEeis) were synthesized through ring-opening polymerization between diglycidyl ethers with ortho ester bonded and low molecular weight polyethyleneimine by various feed molar ratios. The obtain POEei 1 and POEei 2 exhibited clear kinetic of degradation and condensed plasmid DNA into nanoparticles of suitable sizes (250–300 nm) and positive zeta potentials (+20–30 mV) while protecting DNA from enzymatic digestion. Further, these polymers have uniform distribution of abundant hydroxyl groups, which could improve their water solubility, biocompatibility, and lower protein adsorption. Significantly, ortho ester groups in POEeis main-chains could hydrolyze rapidly at acidic endosomal pH, resulting in intracellular DNA release and diminished material toxicity. MTT assay revealed that all the polymers exhibited much lower cytotoxicity than 25 kDa PEI in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, the transfection efficiency of POEei 1 was higher than 25 kDa PEI in serum-free medium or 10% serum medium.

Novel Method for Preparation of Low Molecular Weight Natural Rubber Latex

1998 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitladda Tangpakdee ◽  
Megumi Mizokoshi ◽  
Akiko Endo ◽  
Yasuyuki Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
High Ammonia ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Η Value ◽  
Telechelic Polymer

Abstract Low molecular-weight natural rubber (LNR) and LNR latex was prepared by oxidative degradation of de-proteinized natural rubber (DPNR) latex in the presence of 1 phr of K2S2O8 and 15 phr of propanal, by shaking at 60 °C. The intrinsic viscosity [η] of DPNR with only K2S2O8 decreased from 7.2 to 5.5 after 2 h and then increased to 6.5 after 3 h. By the addition of propanal, DPNR showed a significant decrease in the [η] value of LNR with [η] of about 0.5 after 5 h of the reaction, while rubber from high-ammonia natural rubber (HANR) latex showed a slight decrease in [η]. The concentration of latex and the kind of surfactant used for stabilizing the latex had little effect on the degradation rate of DPNR latex. The LNR latex is stable as the latex form and the dried rubber coagulated from latex is transparent and colorless. The LNR was a telechelic polymer containing aldehyde and ketone groups at both terminals as determined by NMR and molecular weight analyses.

Degradation of Polyisoprene Networks by Oxygen

1960 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Bevilacqua
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Hydrocarbon Chain ◽  
Gas Absorption ◽  
Oxygen Absorption ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Mechanism Of Oxidation

Abstract The insolubility of vulcanized rubber and the relatively low concentration at which oxidation reactions completely degrade the vulcanizate have made it necessary that indirect methods be used to study the reaction of molecular oxygen with rubber. The literature contains many reports of measurements of the absorption of oxygen by vulcanized rubber, which is easy and convenient experimentally. In some of these the rate of oxygen absorption has been the only property measured. This alone gives little information about the mechanism of oxidation, although the fact that the general form of curves of oxygen absorption as a function of time can be predicted by equations based on the known mechanism of oxidation of low molecular weight olefins is indirect support for similar mechanisms of oxidation of polymers. The technologically important reaction accompanying oxidation of natural rubber is scission, not detected by gas absorption measurements. It has been studied principally by determining the decay in stress of a sample at constant strain. The results suggest that scission occurs by a first order process at selected sites in the network. This has been interpreted to mean that crosslinks are the primary locus of oxidation in vulcanized rubber. Estimates of the amount of oxygen required for breaking a bond are available only for samples vulcanized with sulfur. From these it may be calculated that initially 4– 5 moles of oxygen is required per scission, when allowance is made for the effect of entanglements on stress. A marked difference between the relaxation of peroxide-cured and sulfur-cured samples has been reported. Horikx has made an extensive investigation of the solubility and swelling of oxidized vulcanized rubber. His results show that the hydrocarbon chain must be broken during oxidation. The mechanism of scission of unvulcanized rubber has been determined; in this work it was found that low molecular weight products are an important index of scission reactions. The present report describes preliminary work on the scission mechanism in vulcanized natural rubber which has two objectives; to repeat Horikx's experiments with vulcanizates incapable of further cure, and to determine whether low molecular weight products accompany the scission reaction.

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