A Review of Fabrication Methods, Properties and Applications of Superhydrophobic Metals

Hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity with self-cleaning properties are well-known characteristics of several natural surfaces, such as the leaves of the sacred lotus plant (Nelumbo nucifera). To achieve a superhydrophobic state, micro- and nanometer scale topography should be realized on a low surface energy material, or a low surface energy coating should be deposited on top of the micro-nano topography if the material is inherently hydrophilic. Tailoring the surface chemistry and topography to control the wetting properties between extreme wetting states enables a palette of functionalities, such as self-cleaning, antifogging, anti-biofouling etc. A variety of surface topographies have been realized in polymers, ceramics, and metals. Metallic surfaces are particularly important in several engineering applications (e.g., naval, aircrafts, buildings, automobile) and their transformation to superhydrophobic can provide additional functionalities, such as corrosion protection, drag reduction, and anti-icing properties. This review paper focuses on the recent advances on superhydrophobic metals and alloys which can be applicable in real life applications and aims to provide an overview of the most promising methods to achieve sustainable superhydrophobicity.

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Three-level hierarchical superhydrophobic Cu–Zn coating on a steel substrate without chemical modification for self-cleaning property

New Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c7nj00427c ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (13) ◽

pp. 5436-5444 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hao Li ◽

Sirong Yu

Keyword(s):

Surface Energy ◽

Chemical Modification ◽

Steel Surface ◽

Steel Substrate ◽

Chemically Modified ◽

Low Surface Energy ◽

Energy Material ◽

One Step ◽

Self Cleaning

A superhydrophobic Cu–Zn coating was fabricated on a steel surface by facile one-step electrodeposition, without being chemically modified by a low surface energy material.

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Facile preparation of multi-scale nanoarchitectures on cotton fabric with low surface energy for high performance self-cleaning

Journal of the Textile Institute ◽

10.1080/00405000.2020.1713626 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 111 (11) ◽

pp. 1603-1613

Author(s):

Shengnan Tian ◽

Jian Zhao ◽

Jiahuan He ◽

Haiting Shi ◽

Bingqi Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Energy ◽

Cotton Fabric ◽

High Performance ◽

Multi Scale ◽

Low Surface Energy ◽

Facile Preparation ◽

Self Cleaning

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The effect of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane dispersant and low surface energy additives on spectrally selective paint coatings with self-cleaning properties

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells ◽

10.1016/j.solmat.2009.09.008 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 232-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Ivan Jerman ◽

Matjaž Koželj ◽

Boris Orel

Keyword(s):

Surface Energy ◽

Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane ◽

Low Surface Energy ◽

Spectrally Selective ◽

Paint Coatings ◽

Self Cleaning ◽

Oligomeric Silsesquioxane

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Superhydrophobic and superoleophobic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole) polymers synthesized using the Staudinger-Vilarrasa reaction

Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1515/pac-2017-0206 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 89 (12) ◽

pp. 1751-1760 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Claudio Mortier ◽

Romain Bourd ◽

Guilhem Godeau ◽

Frédéric Guittard ◽

Thierry Darmanin

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Surface Energy ◽

Surface Properties ◽

Chain Length ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Polymer Surfaces ◽

Surface Wettability ◽

Photovoltaic Systems ◽

Wetting Properties ◽

Self Cleaning

AbstractVegetal and animal reigns offer many examples of surfaces with surprising and interesting wetting properties. As example, springtails present superoleophobic properties allowing to live in soil and Lotus leaves show self-cleaning ability even under rainfalls. Indeed, it is known that self-cleaning properties can help to remove dust and particles during rainfalls and as a consequence to clean the surface. The bioinspiration of these surface properties is of a real interest for industrial applications in the nanotechnology field such as photovoltaic systems or anti corrosive material. Here, we use a strategy based on electropolymerization to obtain these properties. The Staudinger-Vilarrasa reaction is used to prepare innovative 3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole (EDOP) monomers with fluorinated chains. Using C6F13 or C8F17 chains, the polymer surfaces formed after electrodeposition show superhydrophobic and superoleophobic features. Here we study the surface wettability depending on the surface energy (based on the perfluorinated chain length), the surface roughness and morphology.

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Molding processed multi-layered and multi-functional nanocomposites with high structural ability, electrical conductivity and durable superhydrophobicity

Nanoscale ◽

10.1039/c8nr04317e ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (42) ◽

pp. 19916-19926 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Binrui Wu ◽

Chaoyi Peng ◽

Ying Hu ◽

Suli Xing ◽

Dazhi Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Surface Energy ◽

Superhydrophobic Surfaces ◽

Energy Materials ◽

Low Surface Energy ◽

Exciting Potential ◽

Self Cleaning ◽

Water Proofing

Bioinspired superhydrophobic surfaces mainly attributed to the nano/micro textures and low surface energy materials, have exciting potential usage in fields such as self-cleaning, water-proofing and so forth.

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Fabrication of Robust Water-Repellent Technology on Cotton Fabric via Reaction of Thiol-ene Click Chemistry

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings10060508 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 508 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xinpeng Chen ◽

Baoliang Wang ◽

Runshan Chu ◽

Tieling Xing ◽

Guoqiang Chen

Keyword(s):

Surface Energy ◽

Cotton Fabric ◽

Click Reaction ◽

Real Life ◽

Water Repellent ◽

Water Mixture ◽

Water Separation ◽

Low Surface Energy ◽

Oil Water ◽

Mercapto Groups

A robust superhydrophobic fabric coating was fabricated on cotton fabric under UV light, which was achieved by convenient surface modification with mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane, and octadecyl mercaptan. The modification of cotton fabric with 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane introduces reactive mercapto groups, after which 2,4,6,8-tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane reacts with mercapto groups, and octadecyl mercaptan provides microscale roughness. The nonpolar carbon chains of thiol cause the cotton to have a low surface energy. As reported, the combination of microscale roughness with low surface energy has a superhydrophobic effect on cotton, which leads to a high contact angle of 161.8° and sliding angle of 8°. Infrared spectroscopy, XPS, and SEM tests were used to characterize the chemical structure and morphological changes of the surface of cotton fabric before and after click reaction. The fabric after click reaction exhibited an oil–water mixture separation ability owing to its superhydrophobicity. Thus, the finished fabric could be used in the oil–water separation field. Importantly, the superhydrophobic textile displays resistance to laundering, mechanical abrasion, strong acidic and alkaline environments, and UV irradiation. We hope that this study can broaden the real-life applications of cotton fabric.

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Effect of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding on Low-Surface-Energy Material of Poly(vinylphenol)

The Journal of Physical Chemistry B ◽

10.1021/jp067909+ ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 111 (13) ◽

pp. 3404-3410 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Han-Ching Lin ◽

Chih-Feng Wang ◽

Shiao-Wei Kuo ◽

Pao-Hsiang Tung ◽

Chih-Feng Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Bonding ◽

Surface Energy ◽

Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding ◽

Low Surface Energy ◽

Energy Material

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The Preparation and the Research on Self-Cleaning Coating

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.2686 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 472-475 ◽

pp. 2686-2690

Author(s):

Ying Ma ◽

Feng Jun Lang ◽

Xian Qiu Huang ◽

Jian Rong Liu ◽

Jing Wen Peng

Keyword(s):

Surface Energy ◽

Chemical Bond ◽

Glass Surface ◽

Graft Copolymerization ◽

Oil Droplets ◽

Coating Surface ◽

Low Surface Energy ◽

Self Cleaning ◽

Nanoscale Roughness

Use the method of graft copolymerization to prepare a perfluorinated coating with low surface energy. It is combined with glass surface by chemical bond. The coating surface has the Nanoscale roughness of hydrophilic and oleophobic characteristics. Oil droplets are placed on the perfluorinated coating surface followed by water, and removed from the surface with water. So, the perfluorinated coating surface has the properties of self-cleaning

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Cytocompatibility of Carbon Nanofiber Materials for Neural Applications

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-774-o7.35 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 774 ◽

Author(s):

Janice L. McKenzie ◽

Michael C. Waid ◽

Riyi Shi ◽

Thomas J. Webster

Keyword(s):

Carbon Fiber ◽

Surface Energy ◽

Carbon Nanofibers ◽

Carbon Fibers ◽

Carbon Nanofiber ◽

Fiber Composite ◽

Scar Tissue ◽

Pc 12 Cells ◽

Low Surface Energy ◽

Poly Carbonate

AbstractSince the cytocompatibility of carbon nanofibers with respect to neural applications remains largely uninvestigated, the objective of the present in vitro study was to determine cytocompatibility properties of formulations containing carbon nanofibers. Carbon fiber substrates were prepared from four different types of carbon fibers, two with nanoscale diameters (nanophase, or less than or equal to 100 nm) and two with conventional diameters (or greater than 200 nm). Within these two categories, both a high and a low surface energy fiber were investigated and tested. Astrocytes (glial scar tissue-forming cells) and pheochromocytoma cells (PC-12; neuronal-like cells) were seeded separately onto the substrates. Results provided the first evidence that astrocytes preferentially adhered on the carbon fiber that had the largest diameter and the lowest surface energy. PC-12 cells exhibited the most neurites on the carbon fiber with nanodimensions and low surface energy. These results may indicate that PC-12 cells prefer nanoscale carbon fibers while astrocytes prefer conventional scale fibers. A composite was formed from poly-carbonate urethane and the 60 nm carbon fiber. Composite substrates were thus formed using different weight percentages of this fiber in the polymer matrix. Increased astrocyte adherence and PC-12 neurite density corresponded to decreasing amounts of the carbon nanofibers in the poly-carbonate urethane matrices. Controlling carbon fiber diameter may be an approach for increasing implant contact with neurons and decreasing scar tissue formation.

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